Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Hesss law of heat summation states that for a chemical equation that can be written as the sum of two or more steps, the enthalpy change for the overall equation is the sum of the enthalpy changes for the individual steps.
A B + C B + C D A D
H = x H = y H = ? H = x + y
Hesss Law
S(s) O 2 (g ) SO 2 (g ); H -297 kJ
o
2S(s ) 3O 2 (g ) 2SO 3 (g ); H ?
o
Hesss Law
If we multiply the first equation by 2 and reverse the second equation, they will sum together to become the third. o 2S(s) 2O 2 (g ) 2SO 2 (g ); H (-297 kJ) (2)
A Problem to Consider
Large quantities of ammonia are used to prepare nitric acid according to the following equation:
A Problem to Consider
You record the values of Hfo under the formulas in the equation, multiplying them by the coefficients in the equation.
A Problem to Consider
Using the summation law: o o o H nH f (products ) mH f (reactants )
H [4(90.3) 6( 241.8)] kJ [4( 45.9) 5(0)] kJ
o
H 906 kJ
o
Fuels
A fuel is any substance that is burned to provide heat or other forms of energy. In this section we will look at:
- Foods as fuels - Fossil fuels - Coal gasification and liquefaction
Suggested problems for Ch. 6: 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51, 55, 59, 63, 65, 67, 69, 71, 73, 81, 83, 87, 89, 91, 103
A Problem to Consider
Large quantities of ammonia are used to prepare nitric acid according to the following equation:
A Problem to Consider
You record the values of Hfo under the formulas in the equation, multiplying them by the coefficients in the equation.
A Problem to Consider
Using the summation law: o o o H nH f (products ) mH f (reactants )
H [4(90.3) 6( 241.8)] kJ [4( 45.9) 5(0)] kJ
o
H 906 kJ
o
How is the heat of sublimation, Hsub, the enthalpy change for the reaction:
H2O(s) H2O(g)
related to Hfis and Hvap?
Fuels
A fuel is any substance that is burned to provide heat or other forms of energy. In this section we will look at:
- Foods as fuels - Fossil fuels - Coal gasification and liquefaction
Fuels
Food fills three needs of the body:
- It supplies substances for the growth and repair of tissue. - It supplies substances for the synthesis of compounds used in the regulation of body processes. - It supplies energy. About 80% of the energy we need is for heat. The rest is used for muscular action and other body processes
Fuels
A typical carbohydrate food, glucose (C6H12O6) undergoes combustion according to the following equation.
C6 H12O6 (s) 6O 2 (g )
Fuels
A representative fat is glyceryl trimyristate, C45H86O6. The equation for its combustion is:
C45H 86O6 (s) 127 2 O 2 (g )
45CO2 (g ) 43H 2O(l ); H -27,820 kJ
o
One gram of fat yields 38.5 kJ (9.20 kcal) when burned. Note that fat contains more than twice the fuel per gram than carbohydrates contain.
Columbia
Fuels
Fossil fuels account for nearly 90% of the energy usage in the United States.
Anthracite, or hard coal, the oldest variety of coal, contains about 80% carbon. Bituminous coal, a younger variety of coal, contains 45% to 65% carbon. Fuel values of coal are measured in BTUs (British Thermal Units). A typical value for coal is 13,200 BTU/lb. 1 BTU = 1054 kJ
Fuels
Natural gas and petroleum account for nearly three-quarters of the fossil fuels consumed per year. Purified natural gas is primarily methane, CH4, but also contains small quantities of ethane, C2H6, propane, C3H8, and butane, C4H10. We would expect the fuel value of natural gas to be close to that for the combustion of methane.
Fuels
Petroleum is a very complicated mixture of compounds.
Gasoline, obtained from petroleum, contains many different hydrocarbons, one of which is octane, C8H18.
C8 H18 (l ) 25 2 O 2 (g )
Fuels
With supplies of petroleum estimated to be 80% depleted by the year 2030, the gasification of coal has become a possible alternative. First, coal is converted to carbon monoxide using steam.
Operational Skills
Calculating kinetic energy. Writing thermochemical equations. Manipulating thermochemical equations. Calculating the heat of reaction from the stoichiometry. Relating heat and specific heat. Calculating H from calorimetric data. Applying Hesss law. Calculating the enthalpy of reaction from standard enthalpies of formation.