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Reading graph: at 38 C the solubility of copper sulphate, CuSO4, is

28g of anhydrous salt per 100g of

Reading graph: at 84 C the solubility of potassium sulphate, K2SO4, is

22g per 100g of water.

Ex Q1: How much potassium nitrate will dissolve in 20g of water at 34 C?

At 34 C the solubility is 52g per 100g of water, so scaling down, 52 x 20 / 100 = 10.4g will dissolve in 20g of water.

Ex Q2: At 25 C 6.9g of copper sulphate dissolved in 30g of water, what is its solubility in g/100cm3 of water?

Scaling up, 6.9 x 100 / 30 = 23g/100g of water (check on graph, just less than 23g/100g water).

http://www.wsd1.org/grantpark/staff/patenaude/powerpoint/Solutions_30SE.ppt

Henrys Law Application

The solubility of pure N2 (g) at 25oC and 1.00 atm pressure is 6.8 x 10-4 mol/L. What is the solubility of N2 under atmospheric conditions if the partial pressure of N2 is 0.78 atm?

Step 1: Use the first set of data to find k for N2 at 25C


c 6.8 x10 4 M k 6.8 x10 4 M atm 1 P 1.00 atm Step 2: Use this constant to find the solubility (concentration) when P is 0.78 atm:
c kP (6.8 x10 4 M atm 1 )(0.78 atm ) 5.3 x10 4 M

http://academic.pgcc.edu/~ssinex/Solutions.ppt

How do I get sugar to dissolve faster in my iced tea?


Stir, and stir, and stir

Add sugar to warm tea then add ice


Grind the sugar to a powder

Fresh solvent contact and interaction with solute Faster rate of dissolution at higher temperature

Greater surface area, more solute-solvent interaction

http://academic.pgcc.edu/~ssinex/Solutions.ppt

Revision Units of Concentrations


amount of solute per amount of solvent or solution
Percent (by mass) =

g solute
g solution

x 100 =

g solute x 100
g solute + g solvent

Molarity (M) =

moles of solute volume in liters of solution moles = M x VL

Examples

http://academic.pgcc.edu/~ssinex/Solutions.ppt

What is the percent of KCl if 15 g KCl are placed in 75 g water?


%KCl = 15g x 100/(15 g + 75 g) = 17%

What is the molarity of the KCl if 90 mL of solution are formed?


mole KCl = 15 g x (1 mole/74.5 g) = 0.20 mole
molarity = 0.20 mole/0.090L = 2.2 M KCl

Gas Pressure and Solubility


Quiz: The amount of dissolved oxygen in a mountain lake at 10,000 ft and 50oF is __?_ than the amount of dissolved oxygen in a lake near sea level at 50oF. Answer: Less at higher altitude because less pressure. A Coke at room temperature will have __?_ carbon dioxide in the gas space above the liquid than an ice cold bottle. Answer: More gas, because the warm coke can hold less of the gas in solution.

Gas Pressure and Solubility

Hyperbaric therapy, which involves exposure to oxygen at higher than atmospheric pressure may be used to treat hypoxia (low oxygen supply in the tissues). Explain how the treatment works. Answer: The increase in pressure in the chamber will cause more gases to enter into lungs.

Freezing Point Depression


Calculate the Freezing Point of a 4.00 molal glycol/water solution. Kf = 1.86 oC/molal (See Kf table) Solution TFP = Kf m i = (1.86 oC/molal)(4.00 m)(1)

TFP = 7.44 FP = 0 7.44 = -7.44 oC (because water normally freezes at 0)

Freezing Point Depression


At what temperature will a 5.4 molal solution of NaCl freeze?

Solution
TFP = Kf m i

TFP = (1.86 oC/molal) 5.4 m 2


TFP = 20.1 oC FP = 0 20.1 = -20.1 oC

Freezing Point Depression


Calculate the Freezing Point of a 4.00 molal glycol/water solution. Kf = 1.86 oC/molal (See Kf table) Solution TFP = Kf m i = (1.86 oC/molal)(4.00 m)(1)

TFP = 7.44 FP = 0 7.44 = -7.44 oC (because water normally freezes at 0)

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