LESSON OUTLINE

Punnett

squares and uses. Genes (Alleles). Why are some genes dominant and others recessive? How do we write symbols for these genes? What is homozygous and heterozygous? Predict phenotypes from genotypes. Test crosses. Blood Types.

PUNNETT SQUARE
Diagram

used to determine genetic

A A a a

crosses

PUNNETT SQUARE
Diagram

used to determine genetic

A A a
AA

crosses

PUNNETT SQUARE
Diagram

used to determine genetic

A A a
AA

crosses

a
Aa

PUNNETT SQUARE
Diagram

used to determine genetic

A A a
AA

crosses

a
Aa

Aa

aa

PUNNETT SQUARE
Use

different Letters or Symbols

B
@

PUNNETT SQUARE
Use

different Letters or Symbols

B
@

BG

PUNNETT SQUARE
Use

different Letters or Symbols

@
B@

B
@

BG

PUNNETT SQUARE
Use

different Letters or Symbols

@
B@

B
@

BG

G@

@@

WORKSHEET
Worksheet

Q 1-6 Planners - Tuesday 13/3/12

GENES
Genes

are how living organisms inherit features from their ancestors What did you inherited from your parents' genes Genetics tries to identify which features are inherited, and explain how these features are passed from generation to generation.

ALLELE (a-LEEL)
Different

forms of a gene Your ear lobes are inherited From your DNA Genes (Alleles) are inherited as units, with two parents dividing out copies of their genes to their offspring.

ALLELE (a-LEEL)
The

ear lobe is controlled by 2 alleles. Mum and Dad

YOU

DOMINANT AND RECESSIVE GENE

A DOMINANT allele covers up the recessive form. A recessive allele gets covered up in the presence of a dominant allele A DOMINANT allele is represented in CAPITALS i.e. L for an attached lobe as this is dominant a recessive allele is represented in lower case i.e. l for an unattached lobe as this is a recessive allele The dominate allele will be seen.

PHENOTYPES AND GENOTYPES

is the physical characteristic of the gene ie attached lobe Genotype is the combination of alleles (genes) that make up the gene represented in letters. LL, Ll (lL), ll
Phenotype

DOMINANT GENE

L for an attached lobe l for an unattached lobe 2 alleles.

LL
Ll

ll

DOMINANT GENE

L for an attached lobe l for an unattached lobe

LL Ll

ll

DOMINANT GENE

L for an attached lobe l for an unattached lobe

Phenotypes LL Ll ll

DOMINANT GENE

L for an attached lobe l for an unattached lobe

Phenotypes Genotypes LL Ll ll

GENOTYPES ARE;
Homozygous

the same allele LL or ll different allele - Ll

Heterozygous

QUESTION TIME
Mum has a heterozygous ear lobe, Ll and Dad

has a recessive ear lobe, ll (thus Homozygous). What ear lobe will their children have?

Mum = Ll

I L Ll I ll Punnett Square

Dad = ll I Ll ll

QUESTION TIME
Mum has a homozygous ear lobe

that is attached and Dad has a recessive allele ear lobe. What ear lobe will their children have?

Mum = LL

Dad = ll

I I L Ll Ll L Ll Ll All the childen will have Ll Genotypes their ear lobe genes are hetrozygous.

DOMINAT GENE

LL Ll

ll

QUESTION TIME
Two black fish look the same but have different genotypes. The fish with genotype BB is said to be homozygous, or pure breeder because both the alleles for the skin colour gene are the same. The other fish is said to be heterozygous or Hybrid, because its two alleles for skin colour gene are different. What offspring can occur when the fish cross breed, that is BB & Bb. What offspring can occur when 2 heterozygous breed?

INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE
Incomplete dominance is a condition when neither allele inherited is dominant or recessive over the other This will result in a blend/fusion of characteristics An example of this is in snapdragons, a flower where its colour can be red, pink, or white.

A white (WW) snapdragon crossed with a red (RR) snapdragon produces all pink offspring The heterozygous (RW) condition results in pink flowers.

INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE
RED = RR White = WW

R R W RW RW W RW RW All the off spring will be RW Pink

CODOMINANCE
When

both alleles contribute to the phenotype of an organism Ex.) Speckled Chickens

CO-DOMINANCE
Black = BB White = WW

B B W BW BW W BW BW All the off spring will be BW Black with White

CO-DOMINANCE
BW offspring = BW White = WW
B W W BW WW W BW WW The off spring ratio would be 1:1 BW:WW

MULTIPLE ALLELES
When

more than two possible alleles exist in a population Ex.) blood type IA Dominant IB i Recessive

HUMAN BLOOD TYPE

Video on blood types

Human Blood Types

Phenotype A B AB O Genotype IAIA or IAi IBIB or IBi IAIB ii

POLYGENIC TRAITS
Traits

controlled by two or more

genes Ex.) eye color, skin color

GENETICS AND THE ENVIRONMENT

The

characteristics of any organism, is not only determined by the genes it inherits Characteristics are determined by interactions between genes and the environment Ex.) genes may affect a plants height but the same characteristic is influenced by climate, soil conditions and availability of water

DO NOW
Human

hair is inherited by incomplete dominance. Human hair may be curly (CC) or straight (cc). The heterozygous genotype (Cc) produces wavy hair. Show a cross between two parents with wavy hair

DO NOW
A

man is suing his wife on grounds of infidelity. The man claims that the child is blood type O and therefore must be fathered by someone else. Can he use this evidence in court if he and his wife both have heterozygous B genotypes? Show the cross of the two parents