Chemical Reactions

Year 10 Science

Using this PowerPoint

This is a close copy of the PowerPoint I use in class. Normally I am explaining and taking questions as we go, so you may find some gaps in your understanding. Use the forum to ask questions and Ill do what I can to answer them. As you work through the PowerPoint you will come to pages with a in the top left corner of the page, this is to remind you that you have work to do; sometimes some exercise or worksheet, sometimes work from you Success in Science homework book. A is a page you may want a copy of for your notes. You will find the file in the printing files section A question in blue script is something I would ask the class, have a think see, if you can answer. Remember I would much rather you print off the notes from the PowerPoint and spent time learning the material (highlighting, underlining or what ever you like to do to help understand and remember the material) than spent twice as long coping and not really learning the work. Work well MK

Whats in This unit?

Well look at; The different types of atoms The periodic table How atoms react with one another Youll learn to; Write the names and symbols of the first 20 elements and 10 others Recognise the signs of chemical reactions Balance compound formulae
Some of this you will have covered in Year 9, so this will be revision

What are Chemicals made of?

Chemicals are made of tiny particles called atoms Atoms are; so small that they cant be seen even by the most powerful microscope different -there are 92 (naturally occurring) types of atom or elements (see the periodic table)

Groups of Atoms
Atoms are often found in groups;
When all the atoms are the same type they are called an element. When there are different types of atoms that are joined together by chemical bonds they are called a compound When there are different kinds of atoms that are together, but not joined by chemical bonds they are called a mixture

Mendeleev and the Periodic Table

Mendeleev was a Russian scientist who was born in 1835 in Tobolsk, western Siberia. At this time there were only 63 elements (types of atoms) known. Many scientists were trying to organise them into some sort of order. Mendeleev came up with a table (- the Periodic Table) that ordered the elements in rows according to their number of protons and in columns according to their electron arrangement. He even left gaps for elements that hadnt been discovered.

Periodic Table

Fill in your blank periodic table with the first 20 elements using slide 8(make sure

you include the name, symbol, and both numbers in each blank box)
Also find and add iron, zinc, gold, silver, copper, mercury, selenium, tin, lead and iodine

Memorising the Elements

It is important that you have memorised the first twenty elements (names and symbols) and the 10 others you have copied onto your periodic table. If youre not sure if you know them take the element quiz If you dont do well on the quiz use the learning elements in 4 nights sheet to help you
Have a listen to this crazy guy, he knows them all

So what about atoms?

Last year you will have looked at atoms and their structure What do you remember? What are atoms made of? How are the different types of atoms different?

The Structure of The Atom

First electron shell (max. 2 electrons)

Neutrons (no charge) The Nucleus + + + Protons (+ve charge)

Second Electron Shell (max. 8 electrons)

Electrons (-ve charge)

The Parts of an Atom

There are three smaller particles that make up atoms
Protons -found in the nucleus and have a positive charge Neutrons found in the nucleus and have no charge (neutral) Electrons found in orbit around the nucleus, smaller and negatively charged
Particle Location Charge Mass

Proton Neutron Electron

Nucleus Nucleus Orbital

Positive (+ve) No charge (neutral) Negative (-ve)

1 1 1/1850

The Periodic Table

The periodic table contains the names and chemical symbols of all the 103 different types of atoms

It also all the information about the structure of each atom.

Element symbol

Atomic Number

Li

3 7

-the number of protons

Mass Number
the number of protons plus neutrons in the nucleus

 Lets do a few
Write down the chemical symbol, atomic number and mass number for; carbon fluorine magnesium silver tin

So what was that again?

Atomic Number (symbol Z)
the number of protons in the nucleus
+ + + +

Mass Number (symbol A)

the number of nucleons (protons and neutrons) in the nucleus.
+ + + +

Be

4 9

The Structure of The Atom

Lets look at Lithium

Li

3 7

or 37 Li

It has Protons
First electron shell (max. 2 electrons)

Neutrons

Electrons

Neutrons (no charge)

The Nucleus

+ + +
Protons (+ve charge)

Second Electron Shell (max. 8 electrons)

Electrons (-ve charge)

Lets draw some

Try helium Beryllium Carbon Magnesium

Atomic Number (Z) and the Periodic Table

The atomic number (Z) is what makes each element unique (they all have a different number of protons) Elements are arranged on the periodic table in order of their atomic number (Z)

Patterns in the Periodic table

There are other patterns in the periodic table
Complete the worksheet by drawing the elements

in three of the groups (columns) of the periodic table and look for a pattern. Choose your elements from groups 1 and 17 or 2 and 16 The worksheet is called; Patterns in the Periodic Table

Patterns
Group 1 all have one lone electron in their outer electron shell Group 2 all have only two electrons in their outer electron shell

Group 16 all have two electrons missing from their outer

electron shell

Group 17 all have one electron missing from their outer electron
shell

Group 18 all have full outer electron shells (this is the most
stable configuration and means group 18 elements are unreactive)

Chemical Reactions and Physical Change

Chemical change (reaction)
involves the making or breaking of chemical bonds, they are usually not easily reversible

Physical change
Involves a change in the physical nature of a chemical, but not change in bonding, these changes are usually easily reversed

Practicals
There are a series of practicals that we do in class if you have missed these you will need to catch up with one of your class mates and get a copy of their observations and results

The Signs of Chemical Reactions

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. New substances formed Original substance used up Colour change Heat and/or light given off Gas produced (bubbling) If you observe two or more of these signs you have a chemical reaction

Chemical Bonds
Compounds form when two or more atoms bond together Chemical bonds are formed when atoms give or receive electrons (Ionic bonds) or share them (Covalent bonds)

Metals and Non-metals

Elements of the periodic table a grouped into two types metals and non-metals. These types have different properties and characteristics. Turn to the periodic table you filled in and add the staircase like boundary between metals (brown) and non metals (light blue)

(see the black line on the periodic table below)

Ionic and Covalent Bonds

Ionic Bonds
Formed when a metal and a non-metal react to form a compound Involve electrons being given and received e.g.

Covalent Bonds
Formed between non-metals Electrons are shared between atoms e.g.

Ions
When atoms lose or gain electrons (valency electrons) they become charged and are called ions Atoms that lose electrons form positive ions H+, Ca+2 Atoms that gain electrons form negative ions Cl-, O-2 Positive and negative ions are attracted to each other and form compounds

Lets look at Beryllium

Atom Ion

Be
p= 4 n= 5 e= 4

4 9
-e

Be
-e
-e -e

4 9

p= 4 n= 5 e= 2

The ion loses two electrons to become more stable with a full outer shell

-e

The beryllium atom is electrically neutral as the positive protons are neutralised by the negative electrons

Be

The beryllium ion has a charge of +2 as there are two more protons than electrons

-e

Be

Lets look at Oxygen

Atom Ion

8 16
-e -e -e
-e -e -e -e -e

8 16

The ion gains two electrons to become more stable with a full outer shell

p= 8 n= 8 e= 8
The oxygen atom is electrically neutral as the positive protons are neutralised by the negative electrons

p= 8 n= 8 e= 10 -e -e

-e -e -e -e -e -e -e -e

The oxide ion has a charge of +2 as there are two more protons than electrons

2-

Getting it together; Beryllium oxide

-e -e -e -e -e -e -e -e -e -e -e -e

Be

Because these ions have 2 opposite charges there is a strong attraction between them this is an IONIC BOND

2-

BeO

File is called; Patterns in the Periodic Table

Ion Names
Ions often have a slightly different name from the atom
Atom name Ion name

oxygen (O)
fluorine (F) chlorine (Cl) sulfur (S) iodine (I)

oxide
fluoride chloride sulfide iodide

 Ions from the Periodic Table

Atom name Ion name Potassium Electrons to lose/gain 1 lose 2 lose 1 gain 2 gain

Potassium
Calcium Chlorine

Chloride
Oxygen

Counts p e 19 19 19 18 20 20 20 18 17 17 17 18 8 8 8 8

Ion Charge

+1
+2 -1 -2

Table of Ions
+1
H+ hydrogen

+2
Cu2+ Copper Fe2+ Iron (II)

+3
Fe3+ Iron (III) Al3+ Aluminium

-2
O2- oxide S2- sulfide SO42- sulphate CO32- carbonate

-1
Cl- chloride F- fluoride I- iodide OH- hydroxide HCO3- hydrogen carbonate (bicarbonate) NO3- nitrate

Na+ sodium K+ Potassium Li+ Lithium NH4+ Ammonium

Ca2+ Calcium Zn2+ Zinc Mg2+ Magnesium

Pb2+ Lead

Notice that; 1. Some atoms change their name slightly when they become an ion

2. There are some unusual ions as you copied your ion table they are polyatomic ions
What do you think polyatomic means?

Compound Names and Formulae

Each compound has a unique name and formula that describe the make-up of the compound Both names and formulae are a combination of the atoms that make up the compound

Try these.

File called; Naming and Writing Compounds

Balancing Compound Formulae

Always keep in mind that compounds are formed when atoms have gained or lost electrons bonding is about electrons Have you noticed that so far we have looked at compounds formed between groups 1 and 17 and groups 2 and 16 To write formulae for compounds with different valences (charges) we need to balance the formulae to make sure the number of electrons gained is the same as the number given (lost)

So how.?
Lithium oxide Li+ and O2- to balance the charges we need two Li+ so Li2SO4 Copper chloride Cu2+ and Cl- to balance charges we need 2 Clso CuCl2

Use small subscript numbers after symbol to show the number needed to balance the electrons

Try these.
Sodium oxide Potassium sulfide Calcium fluoride Magnesium chloride Sodium carbonate Hydrogen sulphate Na2O K2S CaF2 MgCl2 Na2CO3 H2SO4

.and these tricky ones!!

Calcium hydroxide Magnesium nitrate Ca(OH)2

Mg(NO3)2

Ammonium sulphate (NH4)2SO4

Polyatomic Ions
Polyatomic ions are ions formed from 2 or more different elements (they all have 2 or more chemical symbols) They stick together and behave as if they are one single ion The subscipt numbers indicate the number of atoms of the element before the number i.e. NO3 is made of 1 nitrogen ion and 3 oxygen ions


Ion Name

Try these.

For each polyatomic ion, fill in the gaps in the table

Ion Formula Element count Valency (Charge)

OH-

O=1, H=1

-1

nitrate

NO3HCO3S=1, O=4

ammonium

NH4+

File called; Breaking Down Polyatomic ions

Polyatomic Ions in Formulae

When using polyatomic ions in formulae brackets must be used if there are more than one of the polyatomic ion;
Ca 2 OH - Ca(OH)2

Mg

NO Mg(NO3 )2
3

But not for

K NO 3 KNO 3 or
Li CO Li 2 CO3
2 3

Balancing Formulae Practice

Work your way through these examples and see if you can balance the formulae
File called; Balancing Compound Formulae

How well do you Understand?

How many different kinds of atom make up the following compounds?

HCl H2SO4 NaHCO3

Now count the number of atoms that make up these compounds

Worksheet