MICROCONTROLLER BASED RPM COUNTER

PRESENTED BY: AKHIL S (03) & AKHIL R (04) Guided by:

INTRODUCTION
Counting the revolutions per minute (RPM) of motors, determining the motor speed. Essential in the field of industrial automation. Useful for closed-loop control systems. Proper action can be taken, actual RPM deviates from the set RPM.

AIM
Project based on microcontroller AT89C4051 that measures and shows on an LCD the RPM of a running motor. Using a proper transducer, first the rotations of the motor are converted into pulses. The generated pulses are counted by the microcontroller for a fixed time (say, one second).

The count is multiplied by a factor to get the exact RPM and then displayed; if time is one second, the factor is 60.

Block diagram of the RPM counter based on microcontrollerAT89C4051

Block Diagram Description

RPM counter based on AT89C4051 microcontroller that generates pulses for every rotation of the motor, counts them and shows on the LCD. On a fixed base,light source on one side and the combination of a lightdependent resistor (LDR), pulse generator, microcontroller and LCD on the other side. Both the arrangements are housed in separate wooden cabinets such that the light beam falls directly on the LDR. The motor is placed on top of the l source. A slotted wheel(optical shaft encoder) is attached to the motor shaft. The wheel is so big that it can interrupt the light beam falling on the LDR.

 As the motor rotates, the slotted wheel also rotates. The light beam falls on the LDR whenever the slot aligns with the light beam and LDR, producing one pulse. The rotations of the motor are converted into pulses that can be counted by the program in the microcontroller. Pulses are counted for one second. The pulse count is multiplied by 60 (because 1 RPM = 60 RPS) and finally shown on the LCD.

Circuit of the RPM counter using AT89C4051

5 V DC REGULATED POWER SUPPLY SYSTEM

Components Required
Semiconductors: IC1 - AT89C4051 MICROCONTROLLER IC2 - NE555 TIMER T1 - 2N2222 npn transistor D1 - 1N4007 rectifier diode LED1,LED2 - 5mm LED LCD - 16x2 line Resistors (all -watt, 5% carbon): R1-R4 - 1 kilo-ohm R5 - 150 ohm R6 - 220 ohm R7 - 10 kilo-ohm R8 - 470 ohm VR1 - 10 kilo ohm preset

Capacitors : C1 C2 C3,C7 C4,C5 C6 C8 Miscellaneous: S1 S2 XTAL LDR

- 1uf, 16V electrolytic - 0.01uf ceramic disk - 0.1uf ceramic disk - 22pf ceramic disk - 10uf, 16 V electrolytic - 100uf, 16 V electrolytic

- ON\OFF switch - Push-to-on switch - 12MHZ crystal

Circuit description
Figure shows the circuit of the RPM meter. It comprises microcontroller AT89C4051, timer NE555, LCD module (162 line) and a few discrete components.

Timer NE555 is configured as a monostable multivibrator whose time period depends upon the combination of resistor R1 and capacitor C1. Trigger pin 2 of NE555 is pulled high via resistor R2. The LDR is connected along with resistor R2 to pin 2 of NE555 such that when the light falls on the LDR, pin 2 goes low to trigger NE555.

The output from pin 3 of NE555 is inverted by transistor T1 and fed to port pins P3.3 and P3.4 of the microcontroller. LED2 is connected to port pin P3.0 (pin 2) of the microcontroller.

Data pins D0 through D7 of the LCD are connected to port pins P1.0 through P1.7 of the microcontroller, respectively.
Control pins E, RS and R/W of the LCD are connected to port pins P3.2, P3.5 and P3.7, respectively. A 12MHz crystal connected between pins 4 and 5 of the microcontroller, along with two 22pF capacitors C4 and C5, generates the basic clock frequency.

Power-on reset is derived with the combination of resistor R7 and capacitor C6. Switch S2 is used for manual reset.

WORKING :
1.As the motor starts rotating, the light falls on the LDR when the slot aligns with the laser beam and LDR. 2. Every time the motor completes one rotation, the monostable (NE555) triggers to generate one pulse, which is indicated by LED1. 3. As the first pulse arrives, it generates an interrupt for the microcontroller and immediately the microcontroller starts counting the pulses. This is indicated by LED2.

4. The microcontroller counts the pulses for a period of one second. Thereafter, LED2 goes off.

5.The microcontroller stores the count and multiplies it by 60 to give the final RPM count
6. The count is in hex format, so you have to convert it into decimal first. 7. The decimal values are converted into ASCII and shown on the LCD one by one.

Circuit TOP

POWER SUPPLY TOP

Circuit PCB Layout

POWER SUPPLY PCB

SOFTWARE
Software for the RPM counter is written in C language. Compiled using Keil Vision3 compiler. Burned the generated .hex file into the microcontroller using a suitable programmer.

FEATURES
Safe and accurate rpm measurements Consume less power LCD display gives RPM reading exactly with no guessing or errors

FUTURE SCOPE
Modern automobile engines & Aircraft engines Ultrasonic dental drills Analogue audio recording & cd players Turbo chargers Zippe-type centrifuge used in isotope enrich

REFERENCES
Electronics For You (EFY) http://www.electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_arti cle.asp?sno=476&id=4690 Muhammad Ali Mazidi, Janice Gillespie Mazidi, The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded Systems, Seventh Edition, Pearson Education Asia (2004).

Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachometer

THANK YOU