AN INDUSTRIAL TRAINING PROJECT ON

DOPPLER RADAR

SATISH KUMAR ECE-D 4TH YEAR 1002731088

RADAR PRINCIPLE
WHAT IS RADAR? RADAR ( RADIO DETECTION AND RANGING ) is an object detection system which uses radio waves to determine the range, altitude, direction, or speed of objects.

RADAR BLOCK DIAGRAM

This receiver is a Superheterodyne receiver because of the intermediate frequency (IF) amplifier. Coherent radar uses the same local oscillator reference for transmit and receive.

RADAR COMPONENTS
Transmitter
The radar transmitter produces the short duration high-power rf pulses of energy that are emitted into space by the antenna.

Duplexer The duplexer alternately switches the antenna between the transmitter and receiver so that only one antenna need be used. Receiver The receivers amplify and demodulate the received RF-signals. The receiver provides video signals on the output. Radar Antenna The Antenna transfers the transmitter energy to signals in space with the required distribution and efficiency.

RADAR SPECTRUM

ANTENNA PATTERNS

DOPPLER RADAR TYPES

RADAR PRIMARY SECONDARY

CW

PULSE

MODULATED

UNMODULATED

MTI

DOPPLER

ITS FUNCTIONING
Normal radar functions: 1. Range (from pulse delay) 2. Velocity (from Doppler frequency shift) 3. Angular direction (from antenna pointing) 4. Frequency Agility and Jammer analysis. 5. Target size (from magnitude of return) 6. Target shape and components (return as a function of direction)

The complexity (cost & size) of the radar increases with the extent of the functions that the radar performs.

DOPPLER RADAR
Doppler radar is a specialized radar that uses Principle of Doppler effect. It sends out microwave frequency in all direction and receives the reflected frequency.

Analysis is done on how the reflected frequency has altered by objects motion. Doppler radar uses several band of frequencies according to range and requirement.

PRINCIPLE OF DOPPLER RADAR

DOPPLER EFFECT The Doppler effect
the difference between the observed frequency and the emitted frequency of a wave for an observer moving relative to the source of the waves. is

The received frequency is higher during the approach, it is identical at the instant of passing by, and it is lower during the recession.
This variation of frequency also depends on the direction the wave source is moving with respect to the observer.

DOPPLER RADAR FREQUENCIES

L band radars operate on a frequency of 1-2 GHz. L band radars are mostly used for clear air turbulence studies. S band radars operate on a frequency of 2-4 GHz. S band radars are not easily attenuated. This makes them useful for near and far range weather observation. C band radars operate on a frequency of 4-8 GHz. used for short range weather observation. X band radars operate on a frequency of 8-12 GHz. Because of the smaller wavelength, it is more sensitive and can detect smaller particles and also used to detect light precipitation such as snow. Ku band radars operate on a frequency of 12-18 GHz. This band is similar to the X band but is just more sensitive. Also used in police radars.

WEATHER RADAR
Weather radar, also called weather surveillance radar is a type of radar used to locate Precipitation calculate its motion, and estimate its type (rain, snow, hail etc.) It sends pulses of microwave radiation, of the order of a microsecond long, using a cavity magnetron or klystron tube connected by a waveguide to a parabolic antenna. The wavelengths of 1 10 cm are approximately ten times the diameter of the droplets or ice particles , because Rayleigh scattering occurs at these frequencies ,part of the energy of each pulse will bounce off these small particles, back in the direction of the radar station.

Hardware components
The most seen component of a radar is the actual dome itself. Especially with S band radars , a large dome is needed. The dome essentially just houses and protects the radar dish. It is made of a material that allows the signal to leave through it and also return through it. Inside that dome is the dish itself.

 The main purpose of the dish is to focus the transmitted power into a small beam and also to listen and collect the returned signal.

S band Radars requires a large antenna dish and a large motor to power it. It is not uncommon for a S band dish to exceed 25 feet in size.
RADAR DISH

C band radars to create a smaller beam width using a smaller dish.

RDA - The Radar Data Acquisition unit is what houses the actual transmitter and the receiver. Since precipitation is moving and every return signal is different, it reads over 20 pulses per second and sends that data on to the RPG.
RPG - The Radar Product Generator receives the information from the receiver. It takes the 20 or more pulses that the receiver received in one second and averages them together. After the RPG gets the information from one rotation of the radar, it creates the products that we see on TV.

PUP - The Principal User Processor is the unit that allows for the interface with the radar. This will aid in monitoring multiple storms and help get warnings issued more quickly.

OTHER APPLICATIONS
POLICE RADAR
DOPPLER ECHOCARDIOGRAM

THANK YOU!!