Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Angeles City
College of Engineering
MASONRY
by Engr. Ma. Cristina V. David
MASONRY
A construction material formed by combining individual masonry units, such as stone and brick, with a binding material: mortar. Mainly used to build walls which is a vertical structural elements, thin in proportion to their length and height and that serve to enclose or divide a space and to support loads from other elements. Types of applications ranging from high rise building to compound walls to water retaining structures.
Pyramids of Egypt The Great Wall of China The Taj Mahal of India Roman and Greek ruins The arches and vaults of Syria
Masonry Units
Hollow masonry unit defined as having net cross-sectional area in every plane, parallel to the bearing surface, less than 75% of the gross cross-sectional area in the same plane. (ex. concrete units)
Solid masonry unit has a net crosssectional area in every plane, parallel to the bearing surface, 75% or more of the gross cross-sectional area in the same plane. (ex. clay units)
Structural clay tile a hollow clay unit which is generally larger than a brick and is developed for use where lightweight masonry is required as in filler panels and partition walls. They are also described as hollow burned clay masonry units with parallel cells or cores.
Three types of clays used in brick manufacturing Surface clays Shales Fire clays Three methods of manufacturing bricks and tiles Stiff-mud process Soft-mud process Dry press process
Building or common bricks Facing bricks Floor bricks Paving bricks Used bricks (a.k.a. salvage bricks)
Building bricks are manufactured in three grades Grade SW Grade MW Grade NW
Three types of facing bricks based on factors that affect their appearance Types FBS Types FBX Types FBA Properties of bricks and structural clay tile Physical Properties Color Texture Size Density
Engineering or mechanical properties Compressive strength Modulus of rupture Modulus of elasticity Tensile strength Absorption Thermal conductivity Fire resistance
Usage: Stone dust, stone sand and gravel are incorporated with the earth, followed by compaction to improve the soil holding capacity before concreting works follow, or as a foundation before construction of columns. Reinforced concrete employ gravel to maximize the strength of cement, following the standard mixture. Road ballast help prevent gradual erosion and wash out.
Usage: Slate used for roofing and flooring Flood control helps control total erosion of houses of properties located near the seashore and river banks. Stones are constructed as blockage of rivers during dry season to bring water to higher elevations for field irrigation and other purposes
Causes of weathering: Alternate heating and cooling Alternate wetting and drying Air Rain, surface and ground water Movements of chemicals Growth of vegetation Position of any stone in construction work Frost
Stone Quarrying 1. Methods of Quarrying 2. Digging 3. Splitting by Temperature 4. Splitting by Wedge 5. Blasting Stone Cutting Main Aims of Dressing/Cutting Stones 1. To increase the beauty of stone 2. To make joints between two stones very thin so that expenditure of mortar is reduced 3. Stone piece may be given required shape so that it can be used in arch, coping, etc.
Stages of cutting stones 1. Rough shaping 2. Final shaping Preservation of Stones Merits of Preservatives 1. able to penetrate the stone 2. remain inside the stone after drying 3. not allow moisture to go inside 4. not from a hard surface on the surface stone 5. not spoil the natural color of stone 6. preserve stone 7. cheap and can be applied on stone easily
Types of preservatives
1.Coal Tar and Bitumen 2.Barium Hydrate 3.Silicon R 220 4.Raw linseed oil 5.Boiled linseed oil 6.Solution of soda and potash
Types of Masonry Construction 1.Riprap Masonry 2.Rubble Masonry Types of Rubble Masonry Uncoursed Rubble Masonry Coursed Rubble Masonry 3. Squared-stone Masonry 4. Cut-stone Masonry
Strength of Stone and Stone Masonry 1.The strength per square inch of stones is very much greater than the square inch of masonry built from that kind of stone, on account of the presence of masonry of mortar joints, which are weaker than the stone. 2.Strong stones make stronger masonry 3.The actual strength of stone masonry depends largely on the strength of the mortar used and on the closeness of fit between adjacent stones.
Available Forms of Building Stones 1.Shaped building stones 2.Rough building stones 3.Gravels 4.Stone sand 5.Stone dust
Bricks- a mold of clay sun-baked or kiln-burned in various shapes and sizes and usually about 8 x 4 x 2 Brick Making Process 1.Soft Mud Process 2.Stiff Mud Process 3.Dry Press Process
Defects in Bricks
1.Over-burning of Bricks 2.Under Burning of Bricks 3.Bloating 4.Black Core 5.Effluorescene 6.Lamination 7.Lime Nodules 8.Chuffs 9.Iron Spots
Different Types of Bricks Reinforced Brickwork Tile Terra Cotta Types of Terra Cotta 1. Hard Terra Cotta 2. Porous Terra Cotta Other Ceramic Materials 1. Sewer Pipe 2. Drain Pipe 3. Porcelain and Stoneware