The Derivative-Instantaneous rate of change

0
( ) ( )
( ) lim
h
dy f a h f a
f a
dx h

+
'
= =
0
( ) ( )
( ) lim
h
dy f x h f x
f x
dx h

+
'
= =
The derivative of a function, f at a specific
value of x, say a is a value given by:
The derivative of a function, f as a function of
x, is called f '(x) and is given by:
0
( ) ( )
( ) lim
h
dy f x h f x
f x
dx h

+
'
= =
2
( ) 3 4 7 f x x x = +
2
2 2
( ) 3( ) 4( ) 7
3 6 3 4 4 7
f x h x h x h
x xh h x h
+ = + + +
= + + +
Find the derivative of
2 2 2
0
(3 6 3 4 4 7) (3 4 7)
lim
h
x xh h x h x x
h

+ + + +
2
0 0
6 3 4 (6 3 4)
lim lim
h h
xh h h h x h
h h

+ +
=
0
lim 6 3 4 6 4
h
x h x

+ =
( ) 6 4 f x x
'
=
Related problems
2
( ) 3 4 7 f x x x = +
1) Find the slope of f (x) at x = 3, x = -2
3) Find the point on f (x) for which the slope is 2
4) Find the point for which f (x) has a
horizontal tangent line
2) Write the equation of the tangent line at x = -2
Solutions
2
( ) 3 4 7 f x x x = +
1) Find the slope of f (x) at x = 3, x = -2
2) Write the equation of the tangent line at x = -2
( ) 6 4 f x x
'
=
so
( 2) 6( 2) 4 16 f
'
= =
(3) 6(3) 4 14 f
'
= =
1 1
( ) y y m x x =
2
( 2) 3( 2) 4( 2) 7 27 f = + =
27 16( 2) y x = +
27 16( 2) y x = + + 16 5 y x =
use the point-slope formula
Find the value of y
Solutions
2
( ) 3 4 7 f x x x = +
3) Find the point on f (x) for which the slope is 2
4) Find the point for which f (x) has a horizontal
tangent line
( ) 6 4 f x x
'
=
6 4 2
1
x
x
=
=
2
3
x =
2
(1) 3(1) 4(1) 7 6 f = + =
The point is (1, 6)
6 4 0 x =
2
2 2 2 17
( ) 3( ) 4( ) 7
3 3 3 3
f = + =
The point is (2/3, 17/3)
Figure 2.7: Derivatives at endpoints are one-sided limits.
Derivatives at Endpoints are one-sided limits.
How a derivative can fail to exist
A corner
A vertical
tangent
A discontinuity
Which of the three examples are the functions
continuous?
The graph of a function
The graph of the derivative (slope) of the function
Where f(x) is increasing
(slope is positive)
Where f(x) is decreasing
(Slope is negative)
Horizontal tangent
(slope =0)
3.3 Differentiation formulas
Simple Power rule
( )
1 n n
d
x nx
dx

=
Sum and difference rule
( )
( ) ( )
d d d
u v u v
dx dx dx
+ = +
Constant multiple rule
( )
( )
d d
cu c u
dx dx
=
Constant
( ) 0
d
c
dx
=
Find the derivative function for:
2
1
( ) 17
5
3
x
f x
x
= +
2
( ) (3 2) f x x = +
1
2
2
1 1
( ) 17
5 3
f x x x

= +
3
2
2 1
( )
5
6
f x x
x
'
= +
2
( ) 9 12 4 f x x x = + +
( ) 18 12 f x x
'
= +
rewrite
rewrite
3
2
1 1 1
( ) 2* ( )( ) 0
5 3 2
f x x x

'
= + +
Rules for Finding Derivatives
u and v are functions of x.
Simple Power rule ( )
1 n n
d
x nx
dx

=
Sum and difference rule
( )
( ) ( )
d d d
u v u v
dx dx dx
+ = +
Constant multiple rule
( )
( )
d d
cu c u
dx dx
=
Product rule
( )
( ) ( )
d d d
uv u v v u
dx dx dx
= +
Quotient rule
2
( ) ( )
d d
v u u v
d u
dx dx
dx v
v

| |
=
|
\ .
Differentiate
2 1 3
(3 2 )(4 5) y x x x

= +
( )
( ) ( )
d d d
uv u v v u
dx dx dx
= +
2 1 3 3 2 1
(3 2 ) (4 5) (4 5) (3 2 )
dy d d
x x x x x x
dx dx dx

= + + +
2 1 2 3 2
(3 2 )(12 ) (4 5)(6 2 )
dy
x x x x x x
dx

= + + +
4 4 2
4 2
36 24 24 8 30 10
60 14 10
dy
x x x x x x
dx
dy
x x x
dx

= + + + +
= + +
Product rule
Differentiate
2
5 2
1
x
y
x

=
+
2 2
2 2
( 1) (5 2) (5 2) ( 1)
( 1)
d d
x x x x
dy
dx dx
dx x
+ +
=
+
2
( ) ( )
d d
v u u v
d u
dx dx
dx v
v

| |
=
|
\ .
2
2 2
( 1)(5) (5 2)(2 )
( 1)
dy x x x
dx x
+
=
+
2 2
2 2
(5 5) (10 4 )
( 1)
dy x x x
dx x
+
=
+
2
2 2
5 4 5
( 1)
dy x x
dx x
+ +
=
+
Quotient rule
Find the derivative function for:
2
( ) (3 2 )(5 4 ) f x x x x = +
2
5 2
( )
1
x
f x
x

=
+
2 2
( ) (3 2 ) (5 4 ) (5 4 ) (3 2 )
d d
f x x x x x x x
dx dx
'
= + + +
2
(3 2 )4 (5 4 )(3 4 ) x x x x = + +
2
24 4 15 x x + +
2 2
2 2
( 1) (5 2) (5 2) ( 1)
( )
( 1)
d d
x x x x
dx dx
f x
x
+ +
'
=
+
2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2
2 2
( 1)5 (5 2)2 (5 5) (10 4 )
( 1) ( 1)
5 4 5
( 1)
x x x x x x
x
x x
x x
+ +
= = =
+ +
+ +
+
Velocity. The particle is moving forward for the
first 3 seconds and backwards the next 2 sec,
stands still for a second and then moves forward.
forward
motion
means
velocity is
positive
backward
motion
means
velocity is
negative
If velocity = 0, object is standing still.
The graphs of s and v as functions of time; s is
largest when v = ds/dt = 0. The graph of s is
not the path of the rock: It is a plot of height
versus time. The slope of the plot is the rocks
velocity graphed here as a straight line.
a) How high does the rock go?
b) What is the velocity when the rock is 256 ft.
above the ground on the way up? On the way
down?
c) What is the acceleration of the rock at any time?
d) When does the rock hit the ground? At what velocity?
3.4 applications
A dynamite blast blows a heavy rock straight up with a launch
velocity of 160 ft/sec. Its height is given by s = -16t
2
+160t.
A dynamite blast blows a heavy rock straight up with a launch
velocity of 160 ft/sec. Its height is given by s = -16t
2
+160t.
a) How high does the rock go?
Maximum height occurs when v =0.
-32t + 160 = 0
v = s= -32t + 160
t = 5 sec.
s = -16t
2
+160t
At t = 5,
s = -16(5)
2
+160(5)
= 400 feet.
A dynamite blast blows a heavy rock straight up with a launch
velocity of 160 ft/sec. Its height is given by s = -16t
2
+160t.
b) What is the velocity when the rock is 256 ft. above the
ground on the way up? On the way down?
v =-32t + 160
at t = 2
v=-32(2)+160 = 96 ft/sec.
at t = 8
v=-32(8)+160 = -96 ft/sec

-16t
2
+160t = 256
-16t
2
+160t 256=0
-16(t
2
- 10t + 16)=0
-16(t 2) (t- 8) = 0
t = 2 or t = 8
Find the times
Substitute the times
into the velocity
function
Set position = 256
A dynamite blast blows a heavy rock straight up with a launch
velocity of 160 ft/sec. Its height is given by s = -16t
2
+160t.
c) What is the acceleration of the rock at any time?
d) When does the rock hit the ground? At what velocity?
s = -16t
2
+160t

v = s= -32t + 160
a = v = s= -32ft/sec
2

s = -16t
2
+160t = 0
t = 0 and t = 10
v =-32t + 160
v = -32(10)+ 160 = -160 ft/sec.
Set position = 0
3.5 Derivatives of trig functions-formulas needed
sin(x+h) = sin x*cos h+cos x*sin h
0
sinh
lim 1
h
h

=
cos(x+h) = cos x*cos h- sin x*sin h
0
cos 1
lim 0
h
h
h

=
Derivative of y = sin x
0
( ) ( )
( ) lim
h
dy f x h f x
f x
dx h

+
'
= =
0
sin( ) sin( )
( ) lim
h
x h x
f x
h

+
'
=
0
sin( )cos( ) cos( )sin( ) sin( )
lim
h
x h x h x
h

+
0
sin( )cos( ) sin( ) cos( )sin( )
lim
h
x h x x h
h

+
0
sin( )(cos( ) 1) cos( )sin( )
lim
h
x h x h
h h

+
0
sin( )(cos( ) 1) cos( )sin( )
lim
h
x h x h
h h

+
0 +cos(x)*1 = cos (x)
3.5 Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions
( )
sin cos
d
x x
dx
=
( )
cos sin
d
x x
dx
=
( )
2
tan sec
d
x x
dx
=
( )
2
cot csc
d
x x
dx
=
( )
sec sec tan
d
x x x
dx
=
( )
csc csc cot
d
x x x
dx
=
Figure 25: The curve y = sin x as the graph of the slopes of
the tangents to the curve y = cos x.
Slope of y = cos x
Find the derivatives
2
1
( ) 5sin sec tan 7 3
2
f x x x x x x = + +
2
1
( ) 5cos sec tan sec tan (1) 14
2
f x x x x x x x x
'
= + +
1 sin
( )
cos
x
f x
x x
+
=
+
2
( cos ) (1 sin ) (1 sin ) ( cos )
( )
( cos )
d d
x x x x x x
dx dx
f x
x x
+ + + +
' =
+
2
( cos )(cos ) (1 sin )(1 sin )
( )
( cos )
x x x x x
f x
x x
+ +
'
=
+
2 2 2 2
2 2
( cos cos ) (1 sin ) cos cos 1 sin
( )
( cos ) ( cos )
x x x x x x x x
f x
x x x x
+ + +
'
= =
+ +
2
cos
( )
( cos )
x x
f x
x x
'
=
+