The branch of physics that deals with

light and vision,

Lens is a peace of transparent medium
bounded by two curved surfaces or one
curve and one plane surface.

1. Optical centre :
rays passes undeviated
2. Centre of curvature & Radius of
curvature :


Principal focus , Principal plane , Focal
plane, Focal length :

( )
2
1 2
1
1 2
2
1
2 1
2 1
(1)
According to Snells law
sin
(2)
sin
1 2
sin
sin
sinr sin i
sin r r and sin i i
r i .. 3
i
r
From and
i
r
For very small angles

=
=
=
=
= =
= .
( )
2 1
2 2 1 1
2 1 1 2
2 1 1 2
From ODCi (4)
and from DIC r
r (5)
. 4&5 3
( ) ( )

( ) 6
As , and are very small angles and expressed in ra
Sub in
o o
o |
| o
o | o o
o | o o
o o o |
o o |
o |
= +
= +
=
= +
= +
= +
= + ..
dian
then form the diagram.
arcPD arcPD arcPD
PO Pl PC
o | o = = =
( )
2 1 1 2
2 1 1 2
2 1 1 2
1 2 2 1
2 1
Substituting these values in equation 6 , we get
( )
( )
The factor is called as power of surface.
arcPD arcPD arcPD
PC PO PI
PC PO PI
R u v
u v R
R





| | | | | |
= +
| | |
\ . \ . \ .

= +

= +

1
'
1
1 1
u v R
m - m
- =
( ) ( )
1 2 2 1
1 2
'
1
'
2
1 2
1
1, '
1 1
(1)
2
1 1
(2)
Adding equation 1 and 2 we can write
1 1 1 1
( 1)
for surface
u v R
Let and v v
u v R
For surface
v v R
v u R R

=
= = =

=
| |
=
|
\ .

1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
When u and v f .
1 1 1
( 1)
For concave lens R is negative and R is positive therefore,
1 1 1
( 1)
1 1 1
( 1)
f R R
f R R
f R R

= =
| |
=
|
\ .
| |

=
|
\ .
| |
= +
|
\ .
1. A plano convex lens is made of refractive
index 1.6. The radius of curvature of the
curved surface is 60 cm. The focal length
of the lens is
(a) 50 cm (b) 100 cm
(c) 200 cm (d) 400 cm
Ans:
(b) 100 cm


( )
( )
1 2
1 1 1
1
f R R
1 1 0.6 1
1.6 1
60 60 100
f 100 cm
| |
=
|
\ .
| |
= = =
|

\ .
=
2. A convex lens has a focal length f. It is cut
into two parts along a line perpendicular to
principal axis. The focal length of each part
will be
(a) f/2 (b) f

(c) (d) 2f
3
f
2
Ans:
(d) 2f

( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
1 1 1 2
1 1 ..... i
f R R R
1
1 1 1
1 ..... ii
f ' R R
Divide i by ii
f '
2 f ' 2f.
f
| |
= =
|

\ .

| |
= =
|

\ .
= =
Ratio of linear size of image to linear size
of object is called as linear
magnification.
The ability of a lens to converge or
diverge the rays passing through it is
called as power of lens.


Power of lens can also be defined as
reciprocal of focal length in meter.

The minimum distance of an object from
eye at which the object can clearly seen
without causing strain to the eye is called
as least distance of distinct vision (D) or
distance of distinct vision (DDV)









The magnifying power of convex lens or a simple microscope is
defined as the ratio of angle subtended by the image at the eye ()
when seen through lens, to the angle subtended by the object at the
eye () when the object is held at the distance of distinct vision and
seen directly.
1
1
AB AB A B AB AB
&
AP D A P AP u
Magnifying power of simple microscope is,
AB / u
MP
AB / D
D
MP (11)
u
a = = b = = =
b
= =
a
= - - - - - -
1 1 1
But
f v u
Applying new Cartesian sign conventions
1 1 1 1 1
f ( v) ( u) v u
1 1 1
u f v
Multiplying the above relation by D we can write
D D D
u f v
D D
MP
f v
= -
= - = - +
- -
= +
= +
= +
1 1
MP D
f v
If the image is formed at distance of distinct vision
i.e. V D then
D D D
MP 1
f
:

v f
Wherepispower of lens
If the image is formed
DP
at infinity
i.e. v then
D D
MP
f v
1
:

= +

=
= + = + =
=
=
+
+ =
Case 1
Case 2
D D D
f f
MP DP
+ =

=
Magnifying power of compound
microscope is defined as ratio of angle
subtended at the eye by final image () to
the angle subtended at the eye by the object
() when placed at DDV.

If object is at DDV from objective then
0
= D.
( )
( )
b = a = =
a
= = =
b
= =
=
=
1 1
e 0
1 1 e
1 1
e
0 1 1
0
e
e
e
0 e
AB AB AB
and
u u D
AB / u
ABD
MP
AB / D ABu
v AB
But M
AB u
D
& M
u
M.P. of compound microscope is,
MP M x M
0 e
0
0
0 e
0
0
: If final image is formed at infinity then,
: If the final image is formed at DDV th
MP M x M
.
1
MP M x M
e ,
1
n
=
=
=
| |
= +
|
\ .
=
| |
= +
|
\ .
Case 1
Case 2
e
e
e
e
e
e
D
M
f
v D
MP
u f
D
M
f
v D
MP
u f
0 0 0
0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0 0
0
0
1 1 1
multiplying by u
1
1
. . if image is at infinity
0
0
. . 1 is image is formed at DDV.
0 0
=
+ =
=

=
=

(
=
(

( (
= +
( (

e
But
v u f
u u
v f
u u
v f
u u f
v f
v f
u u f
f D
M P
u f f
f D
M P
u f fe
Q.1Magnification of a simple microscope is
given by

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
0
a. b.
1
c. d.
e
D f
f D
L D
D
f f f
+













```Q.2 In normal adjustment, the magnifying
power of a compound microscope is given
by
0 e
e 0
e
0 0 e
f f D
a) b)
f L f
f L D L
c) d)
D f f f
Ans.:



Ans.:
D
f
0 e
D L
f f
magnifying power of telescope is
defined as it is a ratio of angle ()
subtended by the image at eye as seen
through telescope to the angle ()
subtended by the object as seen
directly.

.














MP = /
0 e
0
e
0
e
AB AB
tan and tan
f f
tan
MP
tan
f AB
MP
f AB
f
MP
f
a = b =
b
=
a
=
-
=
1 1
2 1
1 1 1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2 3
1 1 1
1
&
1 1 1
2
1 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1
.
1 1 1 1
f v u
f v v
Adding and
v u v v f f
v u f f
f f f
For nno of lenses
f f f f
=
=
+ = +
= +
= +
= + +
( )
( ) ( )
From Fig. and are similar
' ' '
' ' '
.......1
Since , the and are also similar.
' ' '
...2
Comparing eq. 1 and eq. 2 we get
' '
A B B F
MP PF
A B B F
or MP AB
AB PF
A B B P
AB BP
B F B P
PF BP
' '
=
= =
Z = Z
=

=
A B F MPF
APB A PB A B P ABP
But,
' '
From Fig. BP v , PF
1 1 1
f ,BP u
( )
...(3)
B P PF B P
PF BP
v f v
f u
v f v
f u
v f v
or
f u
v u f
or
' = '

=
= = =

=

+
=

=
=
+
B F B P PF
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