ANALOG MODULATION

BASEBAND TRANSMISSION
Is the original information signal either in a
digital or analog form.
Transmission of original information whether
analog or digital, directly into transmission
medium is called baseband transmission
Modulation
Is a process of modifying a carrier wave (radio
wave) systematically by the modulating signal
(audio).
To makes the signal suitable for transmission
and compatible with the channel.
Other words process of changing/varying one
of the parameters of the carrier wave by the
modulating signal
TYPES OF MODULATION
Analog modulation : where the parameter of the
carrier is change proportionally with the
modulating signal.
Amplitude modulation (AM)
Frequency modulation (FM)
Phase modulation (PM)
Pulse Modulation: where the carrier is a periodic
pulse train and one of the pulse
parameters(either amplitude, width or position)
changes according to the audio signal
NEED FOR MODULATION
To generate modulated signal that is suitable for
transmission and compatible with the channel
To allow efficient transmission
To overcome hardware limitations- the physical size of
some electronic components depend on the range of
frequencies that are used in the circuit. The higher the
frequencies the physical size of the components may
be reduced
To allow frequency assignment.
Multiplexing- sending multiple signals simultaneously.
Transmission speed and distance can be increased.
AMPLITUDE MODULATION(AM)
Process of varying the amplitude of the radio
frequency (RF) carrier wave by the amplitude
variations of a modulating signal which
consists of a range of audio frequencies. The
frequency of the carrier is not affected.
Application of AM:- radio broadcasting, TV
picture(video), facsimile transmission.
Frequency range for AM- 535kHz -1600kHz
Bandwidth 10kHz

MODULATION PROCESS
AM MODULATOR
MODULATING SIGNAL
CARRIER
MODULATED WAVE
The data you are willing to send through any
medium.


The wave which actually carries your data
through the medium. carrier waves are mostly
constant in their own amplitude and frequency
AM SIGNAL ANALYSIS
Carrier signal
Modulating Signal
Information signal
Modulated carrier
The amplitude of the modulating signal should be less than the amplitude of carrier. When
The amplitude of the modulating signal is greater than the amplitude of the carrier, distortion
will occur, causing incorrect information to be transmitted..
The peak value of the modulating signal be less than the peak value of the carrier/
MODULATION INDEX AND PERCENTAGE OF MODULATION
Effects of Modulation Index
m = 1 m > 1
In a practical AM system, it usually contains many
frequency components. When this is the case,
2 2
2
2
1
...
n T
m m m m
SIDEBANDS AND FREQUENCY DOMAIN
Whenever a carrier is modulated by an information signal,
new signals at different frequencies are generated as part of
the process.
the sidebands occur at frequencies that are the sum and
difference of the carrier and modulating frequencies
Frequency of AM wave for single frequency
modulating signal
The carrier component is a constant amplitude and frequencies does not carry any of the
Information signal .
The complete AM wave takes up more frequency bandwidth that it necessary . Both sidebands
carry same information
Sideband calculation
OR
EXAMPLE:
AM Spectrum
f
f
c

E
c

f
usf

mE
c
/2
mE
c
/2
f
lsf

f
m

f
m

f
usf
= f
c
+ f
m
; f
lsf
= f
c
- f
m
; E
sf
= mE
c
/2
Bandwidth, B = 2f
m

EXAMPLE 2
EXAMPLE 3
PULSE MODULATION
QUIZ 1
For an AM modulator with a carrier frequencies fc =
100kHz and a maximum modulating signal frequencies
fm(max) = 5kHz, determine
frequencies limits for upper and lower sidebands
Bandwidth
Upper and lower side frequencies produced when the
modulating signal is a single frequency 3kHz tone
Draw the output spectrum

solution
AM Power
Total average (i.e. rms) power of the AM signal
is: P
T
= P
c
+ 2P
sf
, where
P
c
= carrier power; and P
sf
= side-frequency
power
If the signal is across a load resistor, R, then:
P
c
= E
c
2
/(2R); and P
sf
= m
2
P
c
/4. So,

)
2
1 (
2
m
P P
c T

AM Current
The modulation index for an AM station can
be measured by using an RF ammeter and the
following equation:
2
1
2
m
I I
o

where I is the current with modulation and
I
o
is the current without modulation.
Complex AM Waveforms
For complex AM signals with many frequency
components, all the formulas encountered
before remain the same, except that m is
replaced by m
T
. For example:
2
1 );
2
1 (
2 2
T
o
T
C T
m
I I
m
P P
Block Diagram of AM TX
Transmitter Stages
Crystal oscillator generates a very stable
sinewave carrier. Where variable frequency
operation is required, a frequency synthesizer
is used.
Buffer isolates the crystal oscillator from any
load changes in the modulator stage.
Frequency multiplier is required only if HF or
higher frequencies is required.

Transmitter Stages (contd)
RF voltage amplifier boosts the voltage level of
the carrier. It could double as a modulator if
low-level modulation is used.
RF driver supplies input power to later RF
stages.
RF Power amplifier is where modulation is
applied for most high power AM TX. This is
known as high-level modulation.
AM Modulator Circuits
Impedance Matching Networks
Impedance matching networks at the output
of RF circuits are necessary for efficient
transfer of power. At the same time, they
serve as low-pass filters.
Pi network
T network

by H Chan, Mohawk College
Generating SSB - Filtering Method
The simplest method of generating an SSB
signal is to generate a double-sideband
suppressed-carrier (DSB-SC) signal first and
then removing one of the sidebands.
BPF or
AF
Input
Balanced
Modulator
Carrier
Oscillator
DSB-SC
USB
LSB

by H Chan, Mohawk College
Suppressed-Carrier AM Systems
Full-carrier AM is simple but not efficient in
terms of transmitted power, bandwidth,
and SNR.
Using single-sideband suppressed-carrier
(SSBSC or SSB) signals, since P
sf
= m
2
P
c
/4,
and P
t
=P
c
(1+m
2
/2

), then at m=1, P
t
= 6 P
sf
.
SSB also has a bandwidth reduction of half,
which in turn reduces noise by half.


by H Chan, Mohawk College
Filter for SSB
Filters with high Q are needed for
suppressing the unwanted sideband.
f
a
= f
c
- f
2

f
b
= f
c
- f
1

f
d
= f
c
+ f
1

f
e
= f
c
+ f
2

f
dB X anti f
Q
c

4
) 20 / log(
where X = attenuation of
sideband, and f = f
d
- f
b

AM Receivers
Basic requirements for receivers:
ability to tune to a specific signal
gamplify the signal that is picked up
@extract the information by demodulation
jamplify the demodulated signal
Two important receiver specifications:
sensitivity and selectivity
Amplitude Modulation Receiver Circuit
Tuned-Radio-Frequency (TRF) Receiver
The TRF receiver is the simplest receiver that
meets all the basic requirements.

by H Chan, Mohawk College
Block Diagram of SSB RX

by H Chan, Mohawk College
SSB Receiver (contd)
The input SSB signal is first mixed with the
LO signal (low-side injection is used here).
The filter removes the sum frequency
components and the IF signal is amplified.
Mixing the IF signal with a reinserted
carrier from a beat frequency oscillator
(BFO) and low-pass filtering recovers the
audio information.

by H Chan, Mohawk College
SSB RX (contd)
The product detector is often just a
balanced modulator operated in reverse.
Frequency accuracy and stability of the BFO
is critical. An error of a little more than 100
Hz could render the received signal
unintelligible.
In coherent or synchronous detection, a
pilot carrier is transmitted with the SSB
signal to synchronize the BFO.
AM POWER (extra notes)
Total transmitted power








We know that:
Example
Please Read and Explain!
Example:
??
?
Example:
Single sideband modulation





by H Chan, Mohawk College
Waveforms for Balanced Modulator
V
1
, f
c

V
2
, f
m
V
o

f
f
c
+f
m

f
c
-f
m

Single sideband signal SSB
CONT..
Disadvantages of DSB and SSB
SIGNAL POWER CONSIDERATION FOR DSB
AND SSB














by H Chan, Mohawk College
Peak Envelope Power
SSB transmitters are usually rated by the
peak envelope power (PEP) rather than the
carrier power. With voice modulation, the
PEP is about 3 to 4 times the average or
rms power.
L
p
R
V
PEP
2
2

where V
p
= peak signal voltage
and R
L
= load resistance
Example 1:
Example 2:

by H Chan, Mohawk College
Generating SSB - Phasing Method
This method is based on the fact that the lsf and
the usf are given by the equations:
cos(+
c
-+
m
)t = (cos +
c
t cos +
m
t + sin +
c
t sin +
m
t)
cos(+
c
++
m
)t = (cos +
c
t cos +
m
t - sin +
c
t sin +
m
t)
The RHS of the 1st equation is just the sum of two
products: the product of the carrier and the
modulating signal, and the product of the same
two signals that have been phase shifted by 90
o
.
The 2nd equation is similar except for the (-) sign.

by H Chan, Mohawk College
Diagram for Phasing Method

by H Chan, Mohawk College
Phasing vs Filtering Method
Advantages of phasing method :
No high Q filters are required.
Therefore, lower f
m
can be used.
SSB at any carrier frequency can be
generated in a single step.
Disadvantage:
Difficult to achieve accurate 90
o
phase shift
across the whole audio range.


by H Chan, Mohawk College
Trapezoidal Pattern
Instead of using the envelope display to
look at AM signals, an alternative is to use
the trapezoidal pattern display. This is
obtained by connecting the modulating
signal to the x input of the scope and the
modulated AM signal to the y input.
Any distortion, overmodulation, or non-
linearity is easier to observe with this
method.

by H Chan, Mohawk College
Trapezoidal Pattern (contd)
Improper
phase
-V
p
>+V
p

min max
min max
V V
V V
m

m<1 m=1 m>1