Cellular Phones As Embedded Systems

Cellular Phones as Embedded Systems
EEL 6935 - Embedded Systems Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Florida
Liza Rodriguez Aurelio Morales
Outline
Introduction Todays Cellular Phone Architecture Challenges for Wireless Access Memory, OS, and Power Challenges Conclusions
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Outline
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Cellular Generations
o Analog Cellular Technology (1G)
Early 1980s NMT, AMPS (FDMA) Susceptible to noise and interference. No protection.
o Digital Mobile Communication (2G, 2.5G)

Early 1990s GSM (TDMA), IS-95 (CDMA), IS-136 (D-AMPS, TDMA), PDC (TDMA) Data services: SMS Digital encryption of conversations. Enhanced privacy.
Early 2000s EDGE (TDMA), CDMA 2000, UMTS (CDMA) Data transfer rates >= 2 Mbit/s Data & Voice convergence, Internet access.
o Wide Band Mobile Communication (3G, 3.5G)
o Broadband Mobile Communication (4G)

LTE Advanced, IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX) Data transfer rates >= 100 Mbits/s Mobile IPTV, Wireless VoIP.
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Introduction (cont.)
Evolution of Radio Systems, Mobility, Data Rates
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Introduction (cont.)
Digital Convergence
Convergence enables people to create, share and consume digital content, using interoperable devices
Cellular phones evolve from traditional cost-optimized handhelds to multifunctional terminals Cellular phones: key platform for mobile convergence applications (web browsing, video streaming, etc.)
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Agenda
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Todays Cellular Phone

Extremely complex embedded system Functional blocks are custom-made for mobility Chips are either proprietary designs or based on available chips. Miniaturization and functionality
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Block diagram of triple-band cellular phone
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Example: Blackberry Bold
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Example: Nokia N95
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Example: Nokia N95
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Example: Nokia N95
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Example: Nokia N95
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Agenda
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Development of Cellular phones

Miniaturization Functionality
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Baseband and RF domains challenges

Challenge
Baseband ASICs are limited in performance by computational power, onchip communication and clock distribution Baseband flexibility and support for multiple radio systems RF Cost and size of BiCMOS chips RF design portability
Possible solution
Decentralized architectures: small distributed controller processors running at lower frequencies Use configurable logic, configurable processors, or processor generators RF on digital CMOS technology RF on digital CMOS technology
New Challenges
Management of processing power resources
Design methodology, verification and testability
Substrate-coupling effects, device models New RF circuits and architectures based on fast sampling and time-discrete signal processing needed
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RF challenges: Multiradio
o Wide variety of radio systems o Combination of systems at reasonable cost and size o Interference o Miniaturization challenges Antennas Filters
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Outline
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Memory Challenge
Total memory requirement is increasing rapidly Mass Memories interactive games, high quality video
Large memories are required to support data downloading and local storage
Supported by external memory cards: MMC or SD
Small Memories processing and small applications

Memory chips and their interconnections consume large areas on PCBs and are accessed frequently New types of NVRAM may challenge memory chips to provide smaller and more cost effective memory solutions
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NVRAM Alternatives to Flash Memory

Ferroelectric RAM (FeRAM)
DRAM cell with ferroelectric dielectric in the storage capacitor Advantages: low power, faster reads and writes (single word vs. entire block erase), greater number of write-erase cycles (1016 vs. 106) Disadvantages: lower storage density, higher cost
Phase Change Memory

Glass cells that become crystalline or amorphous by cooling Advantages: faster reads and writes, greater number of write-erase cycles (108 vs. 106), longer hold times Disadvantages: temp sensitivity, no pre-programming
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Application Platform
Mobile internet web browsing, video calls and high bit rate streaming Java ME provides flexible user interfaces, built in network protocols, multimedia support
Fact: 2.1 Billion mobile phones use Java platforms

3rd Party Mobile Applications if developed in Java, are portable enough to run on almost all cell phones
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Java Hardware or Software?

Hardware an additional small processor dedicated for running Java
Improves performance, minimizes memory requirements Software becomes dependent on inflexible hardware implementation
Software Java is run on baseband processor

Virtual machine Java commands are interpreted as equivalent microprocessor commands -- slow! Just In Time compiler that would translate Java classes into processor instructions --- fast!
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Power Challenge
Recent evolution of communication and application functions have substantially increased power consumption Constant annual growth of 10% in battery capacity has enabled battery volume shrinkage while having mAh level constant However, when 3G or WLAN communication is run simultaneously with multimedia applications, power consumption must be reduced
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Power consumption and Battery Capacity
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Solutions to Power Gap

10% increase in battery capacity will continue forever Reduce power hungry components:
Antennas Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, RF Digital displays
Dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS) Reconfigurable RF components to reduce the number of ICs.
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Outline
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Conclusions
Cellular phones have come a long way from analog communication devices to digital mobile computers. Today, a cellular phone is a paradigm of an embedded system having highly optimized cost, size, efficiency and performance. Challenges in RF circuits, implementation architecture, memory, and power consumption are still affecting the development and growth of mobile devices. New technologies such as decentralized architectures, reconfigurable circuits, advanced memories, and low power designs will help overcome challenges.
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References
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/freeabs_all.jsp?arnumber=1332581 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone http://www.portioresearch.com/resources.html http://www.phonewreck.com/wiki/index.php?title=BlackBerry_Bold http://www.phonewreck.com/wiki/index.php?title=Nokia_N95
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Questions?
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Cellular Phones as Embedded Systems

Liza Rodriguez Aurelio Morales