DORSAL

VENTRAL

ANTERIOR

POSTERIOR

CRANIAL

CAUDAL

DORSAL Toward the upper surface (back)

VENTRAL toward the lower surface (belly)

DORSAL toward the upper surface (back)

POSTERIOR toward the tail

ANTERIOR toward the head

CAUDAL toward the tail

CRANIAL toward the head

MEDIAL

PROXIMAL

LATERAL

DISTAL

FRONTAL PLANE

TRANSVERSE PLANE

PROXIMAL toward the end of the appendage nearest the body

MEDIAL toward the midline of the body

DISTAL toward the end of an appendage farthest away from the body

LATERAL away from the midline of the body; toward the side

TRANSVERSE PLANE a cross section; two-dimensional plane perpendicular to the anteriorposterior axis of the body

FRONTAL PLANE divides the body into dorsal and ventral halves; two dimensional plane parallel to the anterior-posterior axis and perpendicular to the dorsal-ventral axis

SAGITTAL PLANE

PLANTIGRADE

QUADRUPED

RAT SKELETON VS HUMAN SKELETON

AXIAL SKELETON

APPENICULAR SKELETON

PLANTIGRADE

SAGITTAL PLANE divides the body into left and right halves; two-dimensional plane parallel to the anterior-posterior axis and parallel to the dorsal-ventral axis

RAT SKELETON VS HUMAN SKELETON

QUADRUPED

APPENICULAR SKELETON

AXIAL SKELETON

NARES

VIBRISSAE

INCISORS

PARTS OF THE EAR

TEATS

PELAGE

the tactilely (relating to touch) sensitive whiskers on the face are called VIBRISSAE

the NARES (nostrils) are at the anterior end of the head

EARS are located posteriorly on the head and composed of a PINNA (external ear) and an AUDITORY MEATUS (ear canal)

the SUBTERMINAL MOUTH has a CLEFT in the upper lip that exposes large front teeth called INCISORS

a hairy coat called the PELAGE covers most of the rats body

on the ventral surface of the rat and just lateral to the midline are six pairs of nipples or TEATS

ANUS

TAIL

Which of the following bones on the rat skeleton articulates distally with the tibia?
A. PETELLA B. ISCHIUM C. FEMUR D. CALCANEUS E. PHALANGES

Which surface of the rat is indicated by the pin (rat with pin in the back)?
A. DORSAL B. VENTRAL C. ANTERIOR D. POSTERIOR E. N.O.T.A.

Which is the function of the indicated structure (rat with vibrissae indicated)?
D. A. SENSING SMELL B. SENSING TOUCH C. SECRETING MILK EXCRETING WASTE PRODUCTS E. SENSING LIGHT

NICTITATING MEMBRANE

the TAIL is located posteriorly (caudally) and is covered with hair and scales

Ventral to the base of the tail is the ANUS

the NICTITATING MEMBRANE is located at the inside corner of the EYE

Which bone is indicated by the pointer (rat with tape on scapula)?

A. B. C. D. E. MANDIBLE CLAVICLE HUMERUS STERNUM N.O.T.A.

What region of the rat is indicated by the pin (rat with pin in pelvic region)?
A. PECTORAL REGION B. THORACIC REGION C. ABDOMINAL REGION D. PELVIC REGION E. CAUDAL REGION

Which of the following bones is part of the axial skeleton?

A. SACRAL VERTEBRAE B. B. ISCHIUMM C. FEMUR D. SCAPULA E. N.O.T.A.

Which structure is most caudal on the rat?

A. TEATS B. NARES C. PINNA D. ANUS E. A.O.T.A.

Which of the following bones is proximal to the indicated bone (rat skeleton with humerus indicated)?
A. HUMERUS B. ULNA C. CLAVICLE D. STERNUM E. RIB

Identify the pinned structure (rat with pin in tail)?

A. B. C. D. E. PELAGE PINNA TAIL ANUS NARES

EXTENSORS

FLEXORS

ABDUCTORS

RETRACTORS

PROTRACTORS

SUPINATORS

FLEXORS decrease the angle of a joint

EXTENSORS increase the angle of a joint

RETRACTORS move an appendage backward

ABDUCTORS move an appendage away from the midline of the body

SUPINATORS rotate the palm or bottom of foot upward

PROTRACTORS move an appendage forward

PRONATORS

THORACIC CAVITY

ABDOMINAL CAVITY

DIAPHRAGM

COELOM

PERITONEUM

THORACIC CAVITY chest region

PRONATORS rotate the palm or bottom of foot downward

DIAPHRAGM

ABDOMINAL CAVITY belly region

PERITONEUM

COELOM

..

BICEPS BRACHII

TRICEPS BRACHII

SPINOTRAPEZIUS

ACROMIOTRAPEZIUS

LATISSIMUS DORSI

BICEPS BRACHII the muscle is located on the anterior surface of the humerus ORIGIN: scapula INSERTION: radius ACTION: flexes the lower arm

..

SPINOTRAPEZIUS muscle lays across the dorsal thoracic region of the rat ORIGIN: thoracic vertebrae INSERTION: spine of the scapula ACTION: moves the scapula upward and backward

TRICEPS BRACHII muscle located on the sides and back of the upper arm ORIGIN: humerus & scapula INSERTION: elbow (olecranon) ACTION: extends the lower arm

LATISSIMUS DORSI muscle is posterior to and partially covered by the spinotrapezius ORIGIN: thoracic and lumbar vertebrae INSERTION: medial side of the humerus ACTION: moves the humerus dorsocaudad

ACROMIOTRAPEZIUS central muscle of the trapezius group ORIGIN: cervical vertebrae INSERTION: scapula ACTION: moves the scapula dorsally

EXTERNAL OBLIQUE

CUTANEOUS TRUNCI

BICCEPTS FEMORIS

GASTROCNEMIUS

What characteristics of the structure of muscle & bone tissue contribute to their functions?

ANTOGONISTIC MUSCLE PAIRS

Which muscle moves the skin?

SALIVARY GLANDS

LARYNX

THYROID GLAND

TRACHEA

ESOPHAGUS

THYMUS GLAND

HEART

LUNGS

LIVER

STOMACH

SPLEEN

SMALL INTESTINE

LARGE INTESTINE

PANCREAS

Identify the pinned muscle (rat with pin in latissimus dorsi)?

A. ACROMIOTRAPEZIUS B. LATISSUMUS DORSI C. TRICEPTS BRACHII D. CLAVOTRAPEZIUS E. N.O.T.A.

What is the function of the pinned organ (rat with pin in cecum)?
A. HELPS IN DEVELOPING THE IMMUNE SYSTEM B. LOCATION OF GAS EXCHANGE C. FORMATION, STORAGE, AND DESTRUCTION OF RED BLOOD CELLS D. FOOD STORAGE AND INITIAL DIGESTION E. N.O.T.A.

What is the insertion of the biceps brachii?

A. RADIUS B. SCAPULA C. HUMERUS CERVICAL VETEBRAE E. N.O.T.A.

D.

Where does food pass after passing through the pinned structure (rat with pin in esophagus)? A. CECUM
B. DIAPHRAGM C. SPLEEN D. LIVER E. STOMACH

In which body cavity would you find the heart?

A. ABDOMINAL B. PERICARDIUM C. THORAIC D. CRANIAL E. N.O.T.A.

Which muscle originates from the indicated below (rat skeleton with ischium indicated)?
A. GASTROCNEMIUS B. LATISSIMUS DORSI C. BICEPS FEMORIS D. BICEPS BRACHII E. TENSOR FASCIAE LATAE

Identify the pinned structure (rat with pin in descending colon)?

A. ASCENDING COLON B. STOMACH C. CECUM DESCENDING COLON E. SPLEEN

D.

Which of the following organs functions in transforming digested nutrients into usable molecules for the body? A. STOMACH
B. HEART C. LIVER D. SPLEEN E. N.O.T.A.

Which of the following muscles is antagonistic to the pinned muscle (rat with pin in pectoralis major)?
BICEPS BRACHII B. PECTORALIS MINOR C. EXTERNAL OBLIQUE D. LATISSIMUS DORSI E. CLAVOTRAPEZIUS A.

EXCRETORY SYSTEM

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

UROGENITAL SYSTEM: RAT VS HUMAN

FUNCTIONS OF REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS: MALE RATS VS FEMALE RATS

HEPATIC PORTAL SYSTEM

ADRENAL GLAND

KIDNEY

URETER

BLADDER

URETHRA

SEMINAL VESICLE

PROSTRATE GLAND

VAS DEFERENS

EPIDIDYMIS

TESTES

OVARY

OVIDUCT

UTERINE HORN

What is the relationship between the digestive system and the liver, and how is the circulatory system involved?

How are the kidneys associated with the circulatory system?

What properties of blood and vessels make them appropriate for the function of transporting nutrients and gases to and from various parts of the body?

Identify the pinned artery (rat with pin in left renal artery)?
CELIAC B. LEFT RENAL C. CAUDAL D. RIGH T FEMORAL E. ABDOMINAL AORTA A.

What is the function of the pinned part of the rat?

Are the two pinned parts of the rat antognistic?

Is the pinned part of the rat a retractor or a protractor?

Name each of the pinned parts of the rat?

Name and function of each labeled organ of the rat?

ADDUCTORS