CS716 Advanced Computer Networks

By Dr. Amir Qayyum

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Lecture No. 26

Internetworking
Basics of internetworking (heterogeneity)
IP protocol, address resolution, control messages,

Routing Global internets (scale)

Virtual geography and addresses Hierarchical routing

Future internetworking: IPv6 Multicast traffic MPLS

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IPv6 - History
Next-generation IP, previously denoted IPng Intended to extend address space/routing limitations Requires header change: new protocol for all nodes! Try to include everything new with one change IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) solicited white papers Many suggestions, merged in time to several options IETF selected Simple Internet Protocol Plus (SIPP with some modifications, dubbed it version 6

IPv6 and NAT

Address space pressure reduced with NAT technique
Few public addresses with Network Address Translation Driving force reduces and so the rapid transition! Will IPv6 succeed in completely replacing IPv4 ? ? ?

Local network with many hosts

NAT Box

Internet

IPv6 Wish List / Planned Support

128-bit addresses Multicast traffic Mobility Real-time traffic/quality of service guarantees Authentication and security Autoconfiguration: determining local IP address End-to-end fragmentation Protocol extensions (flexible protocol) Smooth transition spread over time is critical Islands of v6 and then v4, traffic is tunneled in Internet
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IPv6 Addresses
Classless addressing/routing (similar to CIDR) Address notation
String of eight 16-bit hex values separated by colons e.g. 5CFA:0002:0000:0000:CF07:1234:5678:FFCD Only one set of contiguous zeroes can be elided, e.g. 5CFA:0002::CF07:1234:5678:FFCD

Address assignment
Provider-based Geographic
010 region ID provider ID subscriber ID subnet host
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IPv6 Address - Prefix

0000 0000 0000 001
0000 010 010 100 1111 1110 10 1111 1110 11 1111 1111 Other

reserved (includes transition addresses) ISO NSAP (Network Service Access Point) allocation Novell IPX allocation provider-based unicast geographic unicast link local addresses site local addresses multicast addresses unassigned 8

IPv4 Packet Format Review

0 V ersion 4 HLen Ident 8 TOS Flags 16 19 Length Offset 31

TTL

Protocol
SourceAddr DestinationAddr Options (variable) Data

Checksum

Pad (variable)

20-byte minimum Mandatory fields not always used (e.g. fragmentation) Options are unordered list of (name, value) pairs
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IPv6 Packet Format

0 4 8 version priority payload length 16 31 24 flow label next header hop limit

source address word 1 source address word 2

source address word 3 source address word 4 destination address word 1 destination address word 2 destination address word 3 destination address word 4
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IPv6 Packet Format

0 4 8 version priority payload length 16 31 24 flow label next header hop limit

source address (4 words)

destination address (4 words) option (variable number, usually fixed length)

40-byte minimum Mandatory fields (probably) always used Strict order on options reduces processing time (no need to parse irrelevant options)
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IPv6 Packet Format

Priority and flow label
Support service guarantees Allow fair bandwidth allocation

Payload length (header not included, unlike IPv4) Next header

Combines options and protocol Linked list of options Ends with higher-level protocol header (e.g. TCP)

Hop limit is TTL field renamed to match usage

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IPv6 Extension Headers

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Extension headers (options) appear in order Hop-by-hop options .. .. misc. info. for routers Routing .. .. .. .. .. full/partial route to follow Fragmentation .. .. .. IP fragmentation info Authentication .. .. .. sender identification Encrypt security payload info. about contents Destination options .. .. info. for destination
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IPv6 Extension Headers

Hop-by-hop extension
Length is in bytes beyond mandatory 8 0 8 16 24 next header length type value 31

Jumbogram option (packet longer than 65,535 bytes)

Payload length in main header set to 0 0 8 16 24 next header 0 194 payload length in bytes 31 0
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IPv6 Extension Headers

Routing extension
0 next header 8 31 16 24 0 no.of.address next address es strict/loose routing bitmap 1 24 addresses Up to 24 anycast addresses target ASs or providers Next address tracks current target Strict routing requires direct link, loose routing allows intermediate nodes
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IPv6 Extension Headers

Fragmentation extension
0 next header 8 16 reserved offset identification 31 29 resv M

Similar to IPv4 fragmentation

13-bit offset, Last-fragment mark (M)

Larger fragment identification field

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IPv6 Extension Headers

Security without bothering the routers Authentication extension
Designed to be very flexible Includes Security Parameters Index (SPI) and Authentication data at the end

Encryption extension
Called Encapsulation Security Payload (ESP) Includes an SPI All headers and data after ESP are encrypted

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IPv6 Design Controversies

Address length 8-byte
Less header overhead. Might run out in a few decades

16-byte
More overhead. Good for foreseeable future

20-byte
Even more overhead. Compatible with OSI

Variable-length
Difficult for router design
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IPv6 Design Controversies

Hop limit 65,535
32-hop paths are common now In a decade, much longer paths possible

255
Limits lost packet lifetime (65,535 is far too long) Good network design makes long paths unlikely Source to backbone Across backbone Backbone to destination 19

IPv6 Design Controversies

Maximum packet size > 64kB: supercomputer/high bandwidth applications
Too much overhead to fragment data Want much larger packets

64 kB: longer packets incompatible with low-bandwidth lines

Consider 1MB packet across 1.5 Mbps line Ties up line for greater than 5 seconds Inconveniences interactive users

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IPv6 Design Controversies

Keep IP checksum ? Yes
Removing checksum from IP analogous to removing brakes from a car Lighter, so you go faster Unprepared for the unexpected

No
Typically duplicated in data link and transport layers Major expense in IPv4 routers In case of IPv6, it is mandatory in UDP and TCP 21

IPv6 Design Controversies

Mobile hosts Direct or Indirect ?
Reconnect directly using canonical address Use home and foreign agents to forward traffic

Mobility introduces asymmetry

Base station signal is strong, heard by mobile units Mobile unit signal is weak and susceptible to interference, not heard by base station

No clearly superior design proposal

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IPv6 Design Controversies

Security Where ?
Network layer: a standard service Application layer No viable standard Applications susceptible to errors in network implementations Too clunky to turn off

How ?
Political export/import issues Cryptographic strength issues
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