‫بسم ال الرحمن الرحيم‬

IN THE NAME OF ALLAH THE MOST

GRACIOUS THE MOST MERCIFUL
 Do U like
? cabbage

No
 THE PREMOLARS

).Prof. Abdelhamied Y. M. Saad, BDS, MS)Egypt), Ph. D.)U.S.A

 Premolars
There are four maxillary and four
mandibular premolars.

Relations:

4 & 4 contact:
 3 & 3 mesially and
 5 & 5 distally

5 & 5 contact:
 4 & 4 mesially and
 6 & 6 distally.
General Features of Premolars
They are transitional teeth
located between the canine
and molar teeth.
By definition: Premolars
are permanent teeth distal
to the canines, and
successors to deciduous
molars.
There are two premolars
per quadrant and are
identified as first and
second premolars.
 General Features of Premolars
They have usually two
cusps(bicuspid) :
 One large buccal cusp,
 Smaller lingual cusp

The lower second

premolar may-
sometimes- have two
lingual cusps.
 MAXILLARY FIRST PREMOLAR

:Chronology
•Enamel organ appearance: 7 mIU.
•Beginning of calcification: 1½-1¾y
•Crown completed: 5 – 6y
•Eruption: 10 – 11y
•Root completed: 12 – 13y

Number of lobes:: four lobes

• Three buccally
• One lingually
 Buccal Palatal Mesial Distal

No. of roots

.)Two roots)60% Occlusal

.)One root)40%
 Geometric Outline of the Crown

Facial and lingual aspects have

trapezoid out line.

The smallest of the

uneven sides

cervically.
 Outlines:
Buccal Aspect
•Mesial and distal outlines: are
nearly concave and both
become convex at cont. areas.
•Mesial and distal cusp slopes:
are also slightly concave D M
Contact areas:
Mesially: at the middle third)broad)
Distally: Little more cervically
than the mesial one)broader)

M. slope > D. slope(sometimes convex)

Bucc. cusp pointed, long
Cervical line:
and the tip is slightly
convex rootwise. distal to the vertical axis
 Surface Anatomy of the Crown
Elevations: Buccal Aspect
•The surface is convex with
maximum convexity at cerv. 1/3
representing cervical ridge

The middle lobe is prominent

buccally forming bUCCAL ridge.
Depressions:
 Shallow depressions are
present mesial and distal to
the buccal ridge.
 Outline and Surface Anatomy
of the Root Buccal Aspect
The M and D outlines of the root
taper to a pointed apex curved
distally.
If two roots: D M

The buccal. root hides the

lingual root as it is shorter and
narrower than the buccal root.

The surface of the root is

convex and smooth
•Lingual convergence: Lingual Aspect
Ling.s. is narrower than buccal s.
 Outlines:
• M and D outlines are convex M D
• The L. cusp is shorter by 1 mm
but sharper than the B cusp
• The D slope of L cusp is longer
than M slope
.Cervical line: is convex rootwise
 Surface Anatomy :
• The surface is convex with maximum
convexity at the middle 1/3.
• The root is convex.
 Outline and Surface Anatomy
of the Root Lingual Aspect

The M and D outlines of the M D

root taper to a pointed apex
that curves distally.
:If one root

The ling. Surface isconvex andnarrower

.MD than the buccal portion
If two roots:
The lingual root appears shorter
and narrower than the buccal root.
 Proximal Aspects
Proximal Mesial aspect Distal aspect
aspects have
trapezoid out
line.
The smallest of
the uneven
sides

occlusally.
 Outlines of Proximal Aspects
Mesial Distal
aspect aspect

Buccal outline :
Convex with maximum convexity at cervical 1/3
representing cervical ridge.
Lingual outline: convex with maximum convexity
at middle 1/3
Cervical line: curves occlusally and less curved distally
Mesial Distal
aspect aspect

Occlusal outline:
Bucc. cusp is longer than Ling. cusp by 1mm.
Bucc. cusp tip is below the center of Bucc root.
Ling. cusp tip is on line with Ling. border of the
ling. root.
MMR concave, at the junction of occ. & middle
thirds.
DMR more cervical.
 Surface Anatomy
Mesial of Distal
Aspect Aspect
Proximal
Aspects

Contact areas:
At the middle 1/3, More cervically positioned &
bucc. to midline more buccally.
•Mesial marginal
Smooth and convex surface
developmental groove
except for a small flat area
crossing MMR and located
cervical to contact area(no
lingual to the contact area.
canine fossa or develop.
•Mesial Developmental groove crossing the DMR) .
depression in the crown Cervical line
& continues on the root curvature:
 )canine fossa).
Curves occlusally Less curved
  Outline and Surface Anatomy
of the Root
Mesial Distal
Aspect Aspect

In case of two roots )more common).

Root trunk about half the
root length.
Surface is smooth and convex
except deep developmental
depression below bifurcation
that continue with the mesial
dep. on the crown.
Root trunk is longer as
bifurcation is near apical 1/3
Surface is smooth and
convex except shallow
devlop. depr. on the root
trunk
 In case of one root
)less common)

The B and L outlines tapere to a

blunt apex in line with the center of
the crown.

The surface is smooth and

convex except for a shallow
depression in the center that is
deeper mesially than distally.
 Geometric outline Occlusal
Aspect
Hexagonal
2 equal buccal sides (MB, DB) D M

M side shorter than D side.

ML side shorter than DL side.
Thickness)BL) is greater than
width)MD).
The crown is wider buccally than
lingually, due to lingual
convergence of the crown
 Surface anatomy Occlusal
Elevations: Aspect
Bucc. triangular ridge.
Ling. triangular ridge. D M

M & D marginal ridges

Depressions:
Central developmental groove
M and D triangular fossae.
M marginal developmental groove
The most charecteristic identifying
feature of the max. first premolar

Mesial marginal
developmental groove
 MAXILLARY
FIRST PREMOLAR
 PULP CAVITY
MD section Root canals: BL section

2 root canals )B&L)

but rarely 3 canals
lingual canal is larger
& more accessible

.Cervical cross sec

oval or kidney shaped
Narrow Wide
Pulp chamber:
MAXILLARY SECOND PREMOLAR
 MAXILLARY SECOND PREMOLAR

:Chronology
•Enamel organ appearance: 8 mIU.
•Beginning of calcification: 2-2¾y
•Crown completed: 6 – 7y
•Eruption: 10 – 12y
•Root completed: 13 – 15y
 Maxillary Second Premolar

Buccal Lingual Mesial Distal

Occlusal
 Comparison between
Maxillary First and Second Premolars

Facial & Lingual

 Geometric Shape of
Aspects
the Crown

.Trapezoid shape

The smallest of
the uneven sides
cervically.
 Buccal Aspects
Maxillary First Premolar Maxillary Second Premolar

D M D M

• B cusp is long and pointed • B cusp is short and not pointed

• Longer M slope than D • Shorter M slope than D
•Mesial contact: in the middle1/3 •Mesial contact : in the occ.1/3
while distally more cervical. while distally more cervically.
• Cervical line curved rootwise. •Cervical line less curved.
 Buccal Aspects
Maxillary First Premolar Maxillary Second Premolar

Prominent B ridge Less prominent B ridge

Narrow cervical portion. Wider cervical portion.

Short root. Longer root.

 Lingual Aspects
Maxillary First Premolar Maxillary Second Premolar

•The L cusp is • The L and B

shorter by 1 mm cusps are nearly of
than the B cusp. same height.
• 60% has 2 roots with • Rarely has 2 roots
• L root is shorter •In case of two roots
than B root and its the L root is shorter &
apex is pointed. its apex more blunt.
 Mesial and Distal
Aspects
 Geometric Shape of
4 5
the Crown

Trapezoid in shape
L B

Smallest of the
:uneven sides
 occlusaly
 Mesial Aspects
Maxillary First Premolar Maxillary Second Premolar

•B cusp is longer than L •The cusps are shorter &

cusp by 1mm
•The occlusal table is wide.
•Mesial marginal dev.
groove in crown & deep
canine fossa extending
on root surface.
nearly at the same level.
•The occlusal table is narrow
•The crown surface is
smooth & convex. The
root has shallow dev. dep.
 Mesial Aspects
Maxillary First Premolar Maxillary Second Premolar

MMR at the junction of MMR positioned more

M1/3 &Occ1/3 occlusal.
Contact area:
At the middle third (OC At the occlusal third (OC
dimension) and slightly dimension) and slightly
buccal to midline (BL buccal to midline (BL
dimension) dimension)
 Distal Aspects
Maxillary First Premolar Maxillary Second Premolar

DMR more cervical than MMR DMR more cervical than MMR

CA cervically positioned and CA cervically positioned and

more buccally than MCA. more buccally than MCA.
Smooth and convex surface Smooth and convex surface.
except for a small flat area
cervical to contact area.
 Distal Aspects
Maxillary First Premolar Maxillary Second Premolar

Root trunk is long as the One root and if 2 the

bifurcation is near bifurcation will be
apical 1/3 more apically.
Surface is smooth and Surface is smooth and
convex except shallower convex except deeper
DD on the root trunk DD in the middle of
than mesially. the root than mesially.
 Occlusal Aspect
Maxillary First Premolar Maxillary Second Premolar

hexagonal )oval)less angular

B & L triangular ridges. B & L triangular ridges.

Thin M & D marginal Thicker M & D marginal

ridges ridges
 Occlusal Aspect
Maxillary First Premolar Maxillary Second Premolar

Long Central dev.gr. Shorter Central dev gr.

M marginal dev. groove Not present. Multiple
supplemental grooves
M and D fossae. M and D fossae.
Thin marginal ridges Thick marginal ridges
 MAXILLARY
SECOND PREMOLAR
 PULP CAVITY
of maxillary second premolar
MD section BL section
Root canals:
2 root canals
one B & one L

Dentin island
Lingual
.Cervical cross sec horn
Buccal horn
(longer)

Narrow)MD) Wide)BL)
Oval or kidney
THANKS
‫بسم ال الرحمن الرحيم‬
IN THE NAME OF ALLAH THE MOST
GRACIOUS THE MOST MERCIFUL
Obama and family move to Washington
Obama and family move to Washington
 MANDIBULAR FIRST PREMOLAR

:Chronology
•Enamel organ appearance: 7 miu.
•Beginning of calcification: 1 ¾ - 2y
•Crown completed: 5 – 6y
•Eruption: 10 – 12y
•Root completed: 12 – 13y
 Mandibular First Premolar

Buccal Lingual Mesial Distal

No. of roots
One root
Occlusal
Geometric Outline of the Crown

Facial and lingual aspects have

trapezoid out line.

The smallest of the

uneven sides

cervically.
 Outlines: Buccal Aspect
•Mesial and distal outlines: Bucc. cusp
are nearly concave pointed
and long
•Mesial)shorter) and distal cusp
slopes: are also slightly concave
Contact areas:
M D
•Mesially and Distally: are nearly
at the same level, just occlusal to
the middle of the crown.
Cervical line:
•convex root wise.
 Surface anatomy of the crown
Elevations:
Buccal Aspect
•The surface is convex with
maximum convexity at C 1/3
representing cervical ridge
•The middle lobe is convex
buccally forming prominent
BUCCAL ridge.
Depressions:
 Shallow depressions are
present mesial and distal to
the buccal ridge.
 Outline and Surface Anatomy
of the Root
Buccal Aspect
The M and D outline of
the root tapered to a
pointed apex that curved
distally)similar to canine
but slightly shorter).
The surface of the
root is convex and
smooth.
Lingualconvergence: Lingual Aspect
Ling. s. is narrower than buc. s.
 Outlines:
•M and D outlines are convex
•The L cusp is short and small D M
reaching 2/3 of the length of
the B. cusp)has a pointed tip).
.Cervical line: is convex rootwise
 Surface Anatomy :
Elevations: The lingual surface is convex
with maximum convexity at middle 1/3
Depessions: ML developmental groove separating
the MM ridge from the M slope of the L cusp.
 Lingual Aspect
•Much of the occlusal and
proximal surfaces can be seen
from this aspect.
D M
•The root is much narrower
than on the buccal surface. It
tapers from the cervix to a
pointed apex.
 Proximal Aspects
Proximal aspects have
rhomboid shape Mesial Distal

With narrow
occlusal table

Prominent lingual inclination

(much more than any other premolar)
  Outlines of proximal aspects
Mesial Distal
Aspect Aspect

Buccal outline is convex with maximum convexity at

the junction of mid. and cerv. 1/3 (cervical ridge).
Lingual outline is less convex with maximum
convexity at the center of the crown length.
Cervical line convex occl. and less curved distally
 Mesial Distal
Aspect Aspect

Occlusal margin:
The two cusps are not on the same level
The lingual cusp is shorter by 1/3 length of crown
The B cusp tip centered over the root. This is due
to the prominent lingual inclination.
The L cusp tip in line with lingual border of the root.
Mesial Distal
Aspect Aspect

MMR inclined sharply DMR is longer, straight

from B to L surface and at right angle to
// to ridge of B cusp the axis of the tooth.
MMR is cervical than DMR is occlusal than
DMR MMR
)The only post. tooth in
which this is true).
  Proximal surface anatomy
Mesial Distal
Aspect Aspect

M & D surfaces are smooth & convex except for

the ML groove.
Contact areas: nearly at same level
Mesio-ling. dev.gr. Contact area is
Passes over the MM broader, more lingually
ridge(extension of M situated than the mesial
groove on the occl. surf. one.
  Outline of the Root
Mesial Distal
Aspect Aspect

B & L outlines are nearly straight cervically

then taper apically to a pointed apex.

The surface is smooth & flat The surface is more convex

with a deep dev. groove in with a shallow dev. depres.
the mid.& apical 1/3 centered on the root
Occasionally the apical 1/3
.may be divided into a B. & L
roots by a deep dev. groove
 Occlusal Aspect

It is diamond-shaped.
M D
Lingual convergence is sharp.

Mesial outline is slightly curved.

Distal outline is more convex.

.The B cusp is much larger than the L cusp

  Surface anatomy of occlusal aspect:

Elevations:

B triangular ridge)long).

L triangular ridge)short).

M & D marginal ridges)well

marked).

Transverse ridge )formed by

union of 2 triang. ridges).
Depressions:

M D
Central dev. groove
crossing the transv. ridge.

M)oval) and D)circular) . .

fossae.

Each fossa has a dev. pit

)called snake eyes)
Mesio-lingual develop. groove – extension of
M groove on the occ. surface.
 PULP CAVITY
MD BL
Buccal p. horn: more
Resemble that of pronounced than the
The lower canine .lingual

:Cross sec. at the cervix

rounded or oval

Usually have a single RC

 MANDIBULAR
FIRST PREMOLAR
Mandibular Second Premolar
MANDIBULAR SECOND PREMOLAR

:Chronology
•Enamel organ appearance: 8 miu.
•Beginning of calcification: 2 ¼ - 2 ½ y
•Crown completed: 6 – 7y
•Eruption: 11 – 12y
•Root completed: 13 – 15y
 :Mandibular Second Premolar
Two Cusp Type

Buccal Lingual Mesial Distal

No. of roots
One root occlusal
 :Mandibular Second Premolar
Three Cusp Type

Buccal Lingual Mesial Distal

Occurs most often

occlusal
THE 2 TYPES DIFFER MAINLY
FROM THE OCCLUSAL ASPECT.
THE OUTLINES AND GENERAL
APPEARANCE FROM ALL OTHER
ASPECTS ARE SIMILAR.
 Comparison Between
Mandibular First and Second Premolars

Geometric outline of the crown

Facial and lingual aspects have
trapezoid shape

But wider
cervically
than 4.
 Facial Outlines and surface anatomy
Mandibular First Premolar Mandibular Second Premolar

Crown is smaller & B Crown is larger & B cusp

cusp is longer & is shorter and less
pointed pointed
Prominent B ridge Less prominent B ridge
Root: Shorter, narrower Root: longer, broader,
with pointed apex with blunt apex
 Lingual outline and surface anatomy
Mandibular First Premolar Mandibular Second Premolar

Ling. s. not so
Two cusp narrow as in 1st
type premolar

D M D M

The L cusp is short and small L cusp is shorter and

reaching 2/3 the crown length
and has a pointed tip.
The lingual surface is convex
with maximum convexity in
middle 1/3)center of crown)
ML developmental groove at
the ML line angle.
smaller than B cusp but
larger than of 4
The surface is convex
with maximum convexity
in Occ.1/3.
No MLDG
 Three cusp type:

No ling. convergency. M D

ML cusp is longer and larger than

DL cusp. They both shorter than
B cusp and less pointed.

The surface convex with

maximum convexity at occ.1/3.

The L developmental groove

between the 2 ling. cusps
 Proximal outlines
Mandibular First Premolar Mandibular Second Premolar

The crown is narrower BL The crown is wider BL

Rhomboid in shape with Rhomboid in shape with
narrow occlusal table. narrow occlusal table.
Prominent lingual Lingual inclination
inclination less prominent
 Mandibular First Premolar
Maximum convexity at M1/3
The L cusp is short and
small reaching 2/3 the
crown length
The B cusp centered over
the root.
The mesial MR is oblique
while distally is straight
Mandibular Second Premolar
The root is
wider BL
Maximum convexity at O 1/3
L cusp is shorter and smaller
than B cusp but larger than
that of 4
B cusp tip on line buccal to the
root axis.
The mesial and distal
marginal ridges are straight
Mesial Distal
Aspect
Three Cusp Aspect
Type of
Mandibular
.Develop
Second depression
Premolar
ML cusp is shorter than DL cusp is shorter and
the B cusp & longer and smaller than ML cusp. Both
larger than DL cusp. are seen from this aspect.
Both lingual cusps are shorter than the buccal cusp
and less pointed
Cerv. line: slightly curved. .Cerv. line: nearly straight
 Occlusal Aspect
Mandibular First Premolar Mandibular Second Premolar
Two cusp type
M D The outline is round

Diamond-shaped.
U- shaped H - shaped
Slight lingual convergence
Lingual
convergence is Three cusp type
sharp. The 3 cusps are
The well developed

outline is
square M D
Surface Anatomy of Occlusal Aspect:
Lower 4 Lower 5
Two cusp type

Elevations:

B & L triang. ridges

form a transv. ridge.
M & D marginal ridges
 Lower 4 Lower 5
Two cusp type
M D
M D

. . Depressions:

Shallow central devel. groove Central devel. groove extending

MD across the occ. surface,
over the transv. ridge.

M)oval) and D)round) fossae. M and D fossae: Circular.

Mesiolingual devel. gr. The D fossa is larger than

the M one
 Lower 5 Three cusp type
Elevations & Depressions M D

Each cusp has triang. ridge

that converge toward a
central fossa, which has
cent. pit.
M & D marginal ridges are well marked.

.The D triang. fossa is smaller than the M one

No central devel. gr. or transv. ridge

Three devel. gr.)M,D, & L) radiate

.from the cent. Pit : Y-shaped
 MANDIBULAR
SECOND PREMOLAR
cusp type 3

cusp type 2
 PULP CAVITY
MD BL

Cross sec. at the cerv. line

round or oval
 y o u
a n k
Th
? ANY QUESTION