Chapter 30 Inductance, Electromagnetic Oscillations, and AC Circuits

30-5 LC Circuits and Electromagnetic Oscillations

An LC circuit is a charged capacitor shorted through an inductor.

30-5 LC Circuits and Electromagnetic Oscillations

Summing the potential drops around the circuit gives a differential equation for Q:

This is the equation for

simple harmonic motion, and has solutions
.
.

dQ dt

30-5 LC Circuits and Electromagnetic Oscillations

Substituting shows that the equation can only be true for all times if the frequency is given by

The current is sinusoidal as well:

30-5 LC Circuits and Electromagnetic Oscillations

The charge and current are both sinusoidal, but with different phases.

30-5 LC Circuits and Electromagnetic Oscillations

The total energy in the circuit is constant; it oscillates between the capacitor and the inductor:

30-5 LC Circuits and Electromagnetic Oscillations

Example 30-7: LC circuit.

A 1200-pF capacitor is fully charged by a 500-V dc power supply. It is disconnected from the power supply and is connected, at t = 0, to a 75-mH inductor. Determine: (a) the initial charge on the capacitor; (b) the maximum current; (c) the frequency f and period T of oscillation; and (d) the total energy oscillating in the system.

30-6 LC Oscillations with Resistance (LRC Circuit)

Any real (nonsuperconducting) circuit will have resistance.

30-6 LC Oscillations with Resistance (LRC Circuit)

Now the voltage drops around the circuit give

The solutions to this equation are damped harmonic oscillations. The system will be underdamped for R2 < 4L/C, and overdamped for R2 > 4L/C. Critical damping will occur when R2 = 4L/C.

30-6 LC Oscillations with Resistance (LRC Circuit)

This figure shows the three cases of underdamping, overdamping, and critical damping.

30-6 LC Oscillations with Resistance (LRC Circuit)

The angular frequency for underdamped oscillations is given by . The charge in the circuit as a function of time is
.

30-6 LC Oscillations with Resistance (LRC Circuit)

Example 30-8: Damped oscillations. At t = 0, a 40-mH inductor is placed in series with a resistance R = 3.0 and a charged capacitor C = 4.8 F. (a) Show that this circuit will oscillate. (b) Determine the frequency. (c) What is the time required for the charge amplitude to drop to half its starting value? (d) What value of R will make the circuit nonoscillating?

30-7 AC Circuits with AC Source

Resistors, capacitors, and inductors have different phase relationships between current and voltage when placed in an ac circuit.

The current through a resistor is in phase with the voltage.

The voltage across the inductor is given by

30-7 AC Circuits with AC Source

or

V0 I 0L

Therefore, the current through an inductor lags the voltage by 90.

30-7 AC Circuits with AC Source

The voltage across the inductor is related to the current through it: . The quantity XL is called the inductive reactance, and has units of ohms:

30-7 AC Circuits with AC Source

Example 30-9: Reactance of a coil. A coil has a resistance R = 1.00 and an inductance of 0.300 H. Determine the current in the coil if (a) 120V dc is applied to it, and (b) 120-V ac (rms) at 60.0 Hz is applied.

30-7 AC Circuits with AC Source

The voltage across the capacitor is given by

Therefore, in a capacitor, the current leads the voltage by 90.

30-7 AC Circuits with AC Source

The voltage across the capacitor is related to the current through it:

.
The quantity XC is called the capacitive reactance, and (just like the inductive reactance) has units of ohms:

30-7 AC Circuits with AC Source Example 30-10: Capacitor reactance.

What is the rms current in the circuit shown if C = 1.0 F and Vrms = 120 V? Calculate (a) for f = 60 Hz and then (b) for f = 6.0 x 105 Hz.

This figure shows a high-pass filter (allows an ac signal to pass but blocks a dc voltage) and a low-pass filter (allows a dc voltage to be maintained but blocks higherfrequency fluctuations).

30-7 AC Circuits with AC Source

30-8 LRC Series AC Circuit

Analyzing the LRC series AC circuit is complicated, as the voltages are not in phase this means we cannot simply add them. Furthermore, the reactances depend on the frequency.

30-8 LRC Series AC Circuit

We calculate the voltage (and current) using what are called phasors these are vectors representing the individual voltages. Here, at t = 0, the current and voltage are both at a maximum. As time goes on, the phasors will rotate counterclockwise.

30-8 LRC Series AC Circuit

Some time t later, the phasors have rotated.

30-8 LRC Series AC Circuit

The voltages across each device are given by the x-component of each, and the current by its x-component. The current is the same throughout the circuit.

30-8 LRC Series AC Circuit

We find from the ratio of voltage to current that the effective resistance, called the impedance, of the circuit is given by

30-8 LRC Series AC Circuit

The phase angle between the voltage and the current is given by

or

The factor cos is called the power factor of the circuit.

30-8 LRC Series AC Circuit

Example 30-11: LRC circuit. Suppose R = 25.0 , L = 30.0 mH, and C = 12.0 F, and they are connected in series to a 90.0-V ac (rms) 500-Hz source. Calculate (a) the current in the circuit, (b) the voltmeter readings (rms) across each element, (c) the phase angle , and (d) the power dissipated in the circuit.

30-9 Resonance in AC Circuits

The rms current in an ac circuit is

Clearly, Irms depends on the frequency.

30-9 Resonance in AC Circuits

We see that Irms will be a maximum when XC = XL; the frequency at which this occurs is

f0 = 0/2 is called the resonant frequency.

Chapter 31 Maxwells Equations and Electromagnetic Waves

31-1 Changing Electric Fields Produce Magnetic Fields; Ampres Law and Displacement Current
Ampres law relates the magnetic field around a current to the current through a surface.

31-1 Changing Electric Fields Produce Magnetic Fields; Ampres Law and Displacement Current
In order for Ampres law to hold, it cant matter which surface we choose. But look at a discharging capacitor; there is a current through surface 1 but none through surface 2:

31-1 Changing Electric Fields Produce Magnetic Fields; Ampres Law and Displacement Current
Therefore, Ampres law is modified to include the creation of a magnetic field by a changing electric field the field between the plates of the capacitor in this example:

31-1 Changing Electric Fields Produce Magnetic Fields; Ampres Law and Displacement Current
Example 31-1: Charging capacitor.
A 30-pF air-gap capacitor has circular plates of area A = 100 cm2. It is charged by a 70-V battery through a 2.0- resistor. At the instant the battery is connected, the electric field between the plates is changing most rapidly. At this instant, calculate (a) the current into the plates, and (b) the rate of change of electric field between the plates. (c) Determine the magnetic field induced between the plates. Assume E is uniform between the plates at E instant and is zero at all points beyond the edges of any the plates.

31-1 Changing Electric Fields Produce Magnetic Fields; Ampres Law and Displacement Current
The second term in Amperes law has the dimensions of a current (after factoring out the 0), and is sometimes called the displacement current:

where

312 Gausss Law for Magnetism Gausss law relates the electric field on a closed surface to the net
charge enclosed by that surface. The analogous law for magnetic fields is different, as there are no single magnetic point charges (monopoles):

We now have a complete set of equations that describe electric and magnetic fields, called Maxwells equations. In the absence of dielectric or magnetic materials, they are:

31-3 Maxwells Equations

Homework: CH 30: 1, 6, 9, 16, 18, 24, 26, 31, 34, 37, 39, 40, 43, 47, 49, 52, 54, 56, 62, 66