HYDROCARBON AND PETROLEUM

DIFFERENCE OF ORGANIC AND INORGANIC COMPOUND

1. Organic compounds have the boiling and melting points which low relative, while inorganic compounds have the boiling and melting points which high relative. 2. Generally, organic compounds are soluble less in water or other polar solvents, but easy to dissolve in nonpolar solvents.

3. Generally, organic compounds are flame able than inorganic compounds, but organic compounds are less reactive to other substances. 4. Chemical bond of organic compound is covalent bonds, while chemical bond of inorganic compound generally is ionic bond.

SPECIAL PROPERTIES OF CARBON ATOM

1. Carbon atom can form 4 covalent bonds Carbon has 4 valence electron. Therefore, to reach octet configuration, carbon can form 4 covalent bond. 2. The size of Carbon Atom is Small Relative According to number of period, carbon atom has only 2 shell so atomic radius of small relative. It caused : Covalent bond which is formed by carbon is relatively strong. Carbon can form double bond and triple bond.

3. Carbon atom can form the carbon chains Carbon atoms can attach to each other to form the linier, branched, and circular or cyclic ( form the rings ) carbon chains. Carbon atoms can be distinguished into : Primary carbon : carbon atom attached by one other C atom. Secondary carbon : carbon atom attached by two other C atoms. Tertiary carbon : carbon atom attached by three other C atoms. Quarterly carbon : carbon atom attached by four other C atoms.

HYDROCARBON COMPOUNDS
Hydrocarbon compounds are organic chemical compounds containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms. 1. Saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbon compounds. a. Saturated hydrocarbon are the hydrocarbon compounds which all the C atoms in the compounds have a single bond.

 Examples : a. CH3 CH2 CH2 CH3 n butane b. CH3 CH2 CH CH3 CH3 2 methyl butane

Unsaturated hydrocarbon compounds are the hydrocarbon compounds which one or more C atoms in the compounds have double or triple bond. Examples : a. CH2 = CH2 ethane b. CH C - CH3 propyne

2. Aliphatic, Alicyclic, and aromatic hydrocarbon compounds Based on the carbon chains, hydrocarbon compounds are distinguished into : a. Aliphatic hydrocarbon compounds : hydrocarbon compounds forming the opened ( linear and branched ) carbon chains.

Examples : 1. CH3 CH2 CH CH CH2 CH3 CH3 C2H5 3,4-dimethyl-heptane 2. CH2 = CH CH2 CH3 1 - butene

b. Alicyclic hydrocarbon compounds : hydrocarbon compounds forming circular ( closed ) carbon chains. Example : CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2

c. Aromatic hydrocarbon compounds : hydrocarbon compounds forming circular ( closed ) carbon chains which have the conjugation bond ( single bond and double or triple bond alternately ).

Example : CH CH

CH CH CH CH
Benzene

ALKANES
Alkanes is a group of hydrocarbon compounds which all of the carbon interatomic bonds are single bond and form the opened carbon chains. General formula of alkane : CnH2n+2 A homolog : a group of carbon compound with the same general formula and character exactly.

n=1 n=2 n=3 n=4 n=5 n=6 n=7 n=8 n=9 n=10

CH4 methane C2H6 ethane C3H8 propane C4H10butane C5H12pentane C6H14hexane C7H16heptane C8H18octane C9H20nonane C10H22 decane

ALKYL
Alkyl group is the group of alkanes which lose one of H atom. General formula : CnH2n+1 Naming alkyl : name of matching alkane with substitute suffix ane to yl. Example : methane to become methyl ethane to become ethyl propane to become propyl

NOMENCLATURE SYSTEM OF ALKANES

1. Find the longest chain that numerous contain branch as mother chain. Branch is chain that bound at mother chain. 2. Mother chain is named alkane depend on long of chain, branch is named alkyl. 3. Position of branch is stated with prefix of number. Mother chain must get the smallest number. For numbering, branch must get the smallest number.

4. If there are 2 or more similar branches, therefore it is stated with prefix di if 2, tri if 3, tetra if 4, penta if 5, etc. 5. The different branches are composed according to alphabet sequence. Prefix normal, secondary, tertiary is disregarded, however prefix iso isnt disregarded. 6. If numbering equivalent in both end, must be chosen so that the biggest branch get the smallest number. Writing of name, starting with name of branches and closing with name of mother chain.

Example :

CH3 1. CH3 CH2 CH2 C CH2 CH3 C 2H 5 3-ethyl-3-methyl-hexane

CH3 2. CH3 CH2 CH CH2 CH CH3 CH CH3 CH3 3-ethyl-2,5-dimethyl-hexane

ISOMER
Compounds that have the same molecular formula but have different structures. 1. The kinds of isomers a. Structural isomers are molecules that have the same chemical formula and have the same atoms in each molecule, but the order of atoms in which the molecules are different. Isomer structure consist of : Constructive isomer : it happens because by the difference of atoms on the compound having the same molecule formula.

 Position isomer : it happens because by the position difference of a certain group on compounds having the same molecular formula. Function group isomer : caused by difference of functional group.

 b. Spatial isomers are caused by difference configuration. 1. Geometric isomer : it happens because the existence of the difference of certain group direction on the compounds having the same molecular formula. 2. Optic isomer

Alkane isomers :
Example : Isomers of C4H10 : 1. CH3 CH2 CH2 CH3 n-butane 2. CH3 CH CH3 CH3 2-methyl-propane

1. The following are the specialities of carbon atom, except A. has 6 valence electrons B. can form 4 covalent bonds C. can form the double bond D. the bonds formed are strong relative E. can form the carbon chains

2. Following are the true statements about organic compounds, except A. are carbon compounds B. have low boiling point C. less soluble in water D. have high melting point E. their atoms form the covalent bond

3. Which is a group of alkane is A. C2H2 D. C7H8 B. C2H4 E. C7H14 C. C2H6

4. The next highest homologue from C6H14 is A. C6H14 D. C7H16 B. C7H12 E. C8H18 C. C7H12

5. Among of the following names which appropriate to the IUPAC nomenclature system for organic compounds is A. 3 methyl 3 ethyl hexane B. 3 ethyl 4 methyl hexane C. 2 methyl butane 3 D. 2 ethyl 3 methyl hexane E. 2 methyl 3 isobutyl hexane

6. IUPAC name for the compound with structural formula of CH3 CH3 CH3 CH2 C CH CH3 CH3 is

a. B. C. D. E.

1 methyl 2,2 dimethyl butane 1,1 dimethyl 2,2 dimethyl butane Tetramethyl butane 3,3 dimethyl isohexane 2,3,3 trimethyl pentane

7. Hydrocarbon compound that only consist of C and H atoms having triple bond, then the general formula of the compound is A. CnH2n-2 D. CnH2n B. CnH2n +2 E. CnH2n-1 C. CnH2n+1

8. The following name of hydrocarbon compound which wrong is A. 2 methyl propane B. 2 methyl butane C. 3 methyl pentane D. 3 methyl butane E. 3 methyl hexane

9. The correct name of compound of (CH3)3CCH(C2H5)CH2CH3 is A. 2,2 dimethyl 3 ethyl pentane B. 3 ethyl 2,2 dimethyl pentane C. 4,4 dimethyl 3 ethylpentane D. 3 ethyl 2 methyl hexane E. 3 ethyl 2,2 dimethyl butane

10. The following compound which has 5 C atoms is A. 2 methyl butane B. 2,2 dimethyl butane C. 2 methyl pentane D. 3 ethyl pentane E. 2 ethyl butane