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F. Sperber, M.D. Breast Imaging Center Sourasky Medical Center Tel Aviv University
a few years ago most of the suspicious clinical or mammographic lesions were diagnosed by surgical biopsy. With time percutaneous core biopsy proved to be efficacy in the diagnosis of breast lesions. Is faster, less expensive than surgical biopsy. Less tissue is removed resulting in no deformity or scaring.
Guidance modalities
Stereotactic
Enables a lesion to be localized three-dimensionally trough the used of angled images. Localization is done by identifying the site of the lesion in x-axis, y-axis and z-axis. The depth of the lesion (z-axis) is calculated by the shift of the lesion along the x-axis when the tube is tilted in this plane. Standard equally angled views of 150 are used to calculate the location of the lesion. Accuracy in performing the biopsy is dependent on the accurate localization of the same point in the lesion on angled views.
Mammographic guided
Ultrasound guidance
One of the most important applications of breast ultrasound is to guide interventional procedure Most common used technique. Advantages: Non-ionizing radiation. Accessibility to all parts of the breast and axilla. Quicker and no discomfort (no breast compression). Real time visualization of the needle providing accuracy of the targeting. Low cost.
Ultrasound guidance
Disadvantages Most difficult technique to perform. Requires long time of expertise. Slow learning curve.
MRI guided
MRI compatible devices. Biopsy is performed outside the magnet. Coaxial sheath: Inner stylet Outer cannula
Biopsy Procedure
Fiducial Marker: Small plastic capsule filled with saline and gadolinium or oil. Calculation of x,y,z MRI moved out and the needle guide is adjusted Lidocaine injection Coaxial sheath is inserted, inner stylet is removed MRI table is returned to the magnet Limited axial sequence is performed Site clip
( Fine needle aspiration) Core biopsy Vacuum assisted core biopsy Fine needle localization devices
Cysts,
Lymph nodes
Needle Biopsy of
Solid
masses
Drainage
Abscess
(Mammotome)
TECHNIQUE-EQUIPMENT
10-20-30
ml LUER-LOK syringe 21-23-25G needles Needle length 3.6-7.8cm Glass slides 95% alcohol fixative Anesthesia is optional
ASPIRATION TECHNIQUE
After
placement of needle, a syringe is connected. Suction is applied by pulling the plunge of the syringe. Sampling needle should be moved back and forth rapidly within lesion. Needle is angled in multiple directions.
or oblique needle insertion. Needle should be oriented perpendicularly to ultrasonic beam. Needle shaft and tip should be visualized during procedure.
Pre-FNA
Post-FNA
described in 1982 by Perlinggren, Sweden. Cutting needle fits in automated springloaded biopsy gun. Most accurate results with 14-gauge. Needle consists of inner tissue sampling needle and outer cutting needle.
Trigger
Safety device
Hub
Main part
Plunger
CNB - TECHNIQUE
Patient
in supine position. Skin disinfection with alcohol or polydine. Probe is disinfected with alcohol Probe may be covered with sterile plastic sheath. Sterile gel or alcohol should be used as coupling agent. Local anesthesia. Skin incision, 2-3mm.
is placed on patients skin so both lesion and path of needle are visible. Needle position is documented with longitudinal and transverse scans.
Ultrasound guidance-Technique
Core Sampling
5
or more cores require reinsertion and repositioning of needle. Visual inspection of samples.
CNB - TECHNIQUE
Specimen placed in formalin and sent for histological diagnosis. 5-10 minutes compression. Bandaging applied.
96%-100%
concordance between CNB and surgery. No insufficient samples. Histological tissue diagnosis allows differentiation of IDC from DCIS.
insertions and removal of the needle. Later samples composed predominantly of blood. May be nondiagnostic in small lesions Retrieval of calcifications is difficult Incomplete characterization of ADH and DCIS
Vacuum-Assisted
Mammotome
Histology Large, contiguous tissue samples Less precise targeting required because of vacuum assistance Ability to place a marker at the biopsy site Sutureless Single insertion
cavity. Only one insertion of the needle. Larger specimen- 11G or 8G.
calcifications
Clip Placement
More accurate characterization of ADH and DCIS, DCIS and IDC. Reduction in the underestimation of ADH and DCIS comparatively to core biopsy.
to direct the surgeon to appropriate site within breast, insuring accurate removal of suspicious lesion. Less commonly used for diagnostic purposes only when accurate needle sampling was not achieved
HOOKWIRE SYSTEMS
HOOKWIRE SYSTEMS
EXCISED SPECIMEN
Two-view magnified specimen radiograph.
core biopsy Criotheraphy monitored by ultrasound Laser ablation/focused ultrasound Radiofrequency monitored by ultrasound
Cryotheraphy
Advantages
Is easy visualized with ultrasound. - Painless. - Can be used for masses near the skin.
-
Very high freezing rates Within a few millimeters of the cryoprobe Ice crystals cause mechanical injury to cellular organelles and membranes.
Effects
Dominant killing mechanism results in uniform necrosis. Endothelial cells comprising the microvasculature are very susceptible to direct damage. Microvasculature endothelial destruction results in post-thaw platelet aggregation and subsequent vascular stasis. Within hours and days following cryoablation ischemic damage occurs throughout the previously frozen volume.
Conclusions
Minimal
invasive procedures became 1/3 of the diagnostic work in breast imaging. Team work approach is essential for further management of the breast cancer patient. The traditional approach to surgical margins may be replaced in the very near future by minimally invasive treatment techniques of the primary tumor.