A.

Population Genetics
PG
concerned with heridity in group of individuals or population. a community of sexually interbreeding or potentially interbreeding individuals

Its studies the genetic constitution of population and how this Genetic constitution changes from generation to generation. Gene transmission, structure and function are on the level of individual organisms and their cells. However, to predict the fate of gene, one must look at it in term of the population. (nasib)

B. Gene Frequenceis and Equilibrium

1. Gene Frequenceis refer to the proportions of the different alleles of a gene in a population. function of percent ind. In the pop. (0 to 100%). A population of 200 ind. (120 MM; 40 MN; 40 NN) The GF : (120x2) + 40 M = ---------------------- = 0.7 200 x 2

(40x2) + 40 N = ---------------------- = 0.3 200 x 2

2. Gene Pool
is the sum total of genes in the reproductive gametes of a population. it can be considered as a gametic pool from which samples are drawn at random to form the zygotes of the next generation. is really the genetic endowment of one generation to the next (important gametes). A gene pool (constant) over many generation, then the population is stable and not involving. A stable gene pool GF (Gene Frequency) remain constant from one generation to another.

3. Model System for Population Stability

The Hardy-Weinberg Law: In a stable population, the frequency of the dominant and recessive alleles remained constant at whatever value applied to the previous generation. (Dalam populasi yang yang stabil, frekwensi dari alel-alel dominan dan resesif adalah tetap pada nilai apapun berlaku untuk generasi yang sebelumnya). The equilibrium genotypic frequency : (p+q)2 = p2 + 2pq + q2 when p = dominant allele q= recessive allele

e.g.

Taster gene to phenylthiocaramide (PTC) is dominant (T), and the inability to taste is recessive (t) 1000 ind. (700 are tasters while 300 are non-tasters. The calculations will be as follows:
q2 = 300 = 0,3 1000 q= .3 = p+q=1 p = 1-q = 1-0,55 = 0,45 The genotypic frequencies therefore are : p2 + 2 pq + q2 0,55

TT=.2025 x 1000 = 203 Tt = .495 x 1000 = 495 tt = .3 x 1000 = 300

3.3. Sex-linked alleles. In considering the X-linked alleles, H and h for example Females HH Hh hh Males H/Y h/Y

It is relatively easy to estimate p and q in the males (hemizygotes) because the gene frequency is the same as the genotypic frequency. If the frequency of gene H is p, the genotypic frequency of H/Y is also p Because no allelic associations can occur in the males.

Genotypic HH Hh hh H/Y h/Y

Genotypic Frequency p2 2pq p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 q2 p p + q =1 q

3.4. Multiple Alleles. When more than two alleles are present at a locus, The equilibrium condition is described by the multinomial expansion: (p+q+r+)2 , In which each letter represents the gene frequency of one allele, e.g., the ABO Blood group system in man. Four phenotypes can be classified as a result of the combinations of the alleles A (IA), B (IB), and O(i) according to the following frequencies (A=p; B=q; 0= r)

Phenotype : Genotype : Frequency : IAIA p2

A IAi 2pr

AB IAIB 2pq IBIB q2

B IBi 2qr

0 ii r2

C. Changes in Gene Frequencies

Changes in pop are reality changes in GF : Elementary processes of evolution : mutation, selection, migration and genetic drift. 1. Mutation, mutant allele, small chances of survival, single mutation: a. if mutation occurs b. if it is in the germ cell c. if it does not affect the viability of the germ cell d. if that germ cell is used for fertilization e. if the heterozygous zygote matures, and will mate with a homozygous f. if any offspring results, there is a 50% chance that each of them will not inherit the mutant allele.

D. Race and Species Formation

The Concept of Races Divergence (penyimpangan) within a population can happen because of the accumulated effects of many factors formation of groups that have sufficient genetic differences, but still successfully interbreed races The Concept of Species When the isolating mechanisms of the races become firm and prevent the gene flow, the race may diverge to the point at which reproduction between them is no longer possible. The changes & irrreversible. as a group of interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from the such groups. Phenotype & polymorphic variation geographic variation range of species

GENETIC ENGINEERING AND BIOTECHNOLOGY

1. 2. Recombinant DNA/ Genetic Engineering Application of Genetic Engineering - Researches on Human Genes - Researches on Animal Genes - Researches on Plant Genes - Researches on Microbial Genes 3. The Release of Genetically Engineered Organisms: Biosafety and Ecological Implications: - Potential Ecological Effects. - Regulatory Policies.

Recombinant DNA/ Genetic Engineering

A. Recombinant DNA/GE/Molecular cloning the best application of molecular genetics.

1. a method of breaking and joining DNA molecules derived from different sources, forming the recombinant DNA. 2. a suitable gene carrier that can replicate both it self and a foreign DNA segment linked to it. 3. a means of introducing the composite DNA molecule or chimera into a functional host cell. 4. a method of selecting from a large population of cells a clone of recipient cells that has acquired the molecular chimera.

Recombinant DNA/GE/Molecular cloning

Restriction Endonucleases and DNA Ligase Vehicles for cloning (plasmids, bacteriophages and Agrobacterium) Functional Host (E. coli, yeast, bacteria, Drosophila and higher plants) Selection of Recipient Cells and Their Multiplication

B. Applications of G.E.
1. Researches on Human Genes - Mapping - DNA Fingerprinting (RFLPs or regions of DNA)
Restriction fragment length polymorphisms

- Gene Probes for Cancer Cells gene code for glutathione S-transferase (GST-Pi) multi drug resistance (MDR) - Gens for Blood Clot Agents - Mitochondrial DNA and Aging

2. Researches on Animal Genes 1. Superovulation Hormone 2. Rat Pancreatic Peptide Gene 3. Transgenic Fishes 4. Transgenic Livestock and Poultry 3. Researches on Plant Genes 1. Transgenic Plants (Tomatoes, Potatoes, Cotton, Tabacco) 2. RFLP Mapping of Plant Genomes

4. Researches on Microbial Genes - Iron Oxidizing Bacteria - Microbes to Track Organism - Bacterial Biosensors

C. The Release of Genetically Engineered Organisms: - Biosafety and Ecological Implications 1. Potential Ecological Effects 2. Regulatory Policies

Soal B. Rerata bobot badan ayam kampung umur 20 minggu sbb: Ayam hitam (BB) = 1050 g Ayam lurik (Bb) = 1000 g Ayam putih (bb) = 900 g Sedangkan frekuensi gen B = 0.4 dan b = 0,6 Ditanyakan : a. Berapa kekuatan derajat dominasinya ? b. Berapa nilai absolut rerata bobot badan dari populasi ayam kampung tsb diatas ? c. Berapa efek gen dari populasi tsb?

Latihan Soal:
Soal A. Diketahui : Populasi ternak sapi sebanyak 300 ekor (terdiri dari Hereford, Angus dan FH). Frekuensi alel p = 0,2 ; q = 0,3 dan r = 0,5 Pertanyaan : Berapa porsi frekuensi gen populasi ternak sapi tsb diatas?

Jobmate (10 Groups):

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Principles of Mamalian Cell Culture Principles of Poultry Cell Culture Application of Animal Cell Culture Nuclear Transfer in the Animal Production The Basic Principles of Recombinant DNA Technology Development of Genetic Tools for Transgenic Animals Transgene Detection, Expression and Control The Future of Transgenic Animals Ethics and Welfare on Transgenic Animals Ethics and Rules of Animal-Biotechnology