Sie sind auf Seite 1von 24

CDMA Basic Principles

ZTE University
CDMA BSS T&D Team

Content

Multiple Access Technology


Spread Spectrum Definition/Feature/Category
Spreading Codes Used in CDMA

Multiple Access Technology


Multiple Access Technology: Multiple independent users
simultaneously use the transmission medium without any mutual
influence.

Since the invention of telephone and radio,


system operators have tried to transmit the
maximum of traffic over each circuit.

Transmission

The types of transmission medium are as follows:


Twisted pair
Coaxial cable
Optical cable
Air interface (radio signal).
The advantages of using the multiple access
technology are as follows:
Increases the system capacity to provide services
for more users.
Reduces the system cost because of the lessening
transmission mediums as required.
Decreases the users charge.

Medium

Each pair of users enjoy a


dedicated and private
circuit through the
transmission medium,
unaware that the other
users exist.

Channels
Channel: An individually-assigned and dedicated pathway
transmitting one users information over the transmission medium.

The physical transmission medium is a resource that can be subdivided into


individual channels according to the various technologies used.
FDMA
FDMA
Each user uses a different frequency.
One channel is a frequency.
TDMA

Each user uses a different time slot.


One channel is a specified time slot of a
specified frequency.

CDMA

Each channel is a unique code sequence.


Each user uses the same frequency and
coordinates a different code sequence.

Power

TDMA
Power

CDMA
Power

CDMA
CDMA
frequency
point and
channel

CDMA
Forward channel 1.23
MHz

CDMA
Reverse channel 1.23 MHz
Code division channel

45 MHz

Frequency

Content

Multiple Access Technology


Spread Spectrum
Definition/Feature/Category
Spreading Codes Used in CDMA

Spread Spectrum Definition

Spread
spectrum

Spread spectrum technology: At the transmitting


end, it adopts the spread spectrum code to
increase the bandwidth making it to be greatly
larger than the bandwidth required by the
transmitted data; at the receiving end, it adopts the
same spread spectrum code to demodulate the
signals to recover the transmitted data.

CDMA Spread Spectrum Principle


Transmitting end

Receiving end

Modulated data flow


(Baseband signal + spread spectrum sequence)
Demodulated data
Input data
(Baseband)
(Baseband)

Spread spectrumSpread spectrum


sequence
sequence

1.
2.

3.

The data flow at the transmitting end is combined with one spread
spectrum sequence.
At the receiving end, only both at the correct timing and spread
spectrum sequences are available, the composite signals can be
compressed and be demodulated to the original data.
After being demodulated by using the spread spectrum code, the
demodulated original data flow still keeps intact.

Different Users Use Various Spread Spectrum


Codes

Spread Spectrum Principle Basis


The principle basis: Shanon formula

C=B*log2(1+S/N)
C: Channel capacity (unit: b/s)
B: Bandwidth of signal (unit: Hz)
S: Signal average power (unit: W)
N: Noise average power (unit: W)

Conclusion

Under the scenario of the fixed channel capacity C, the signal


bandwidth B and the S/N can be interchanged, which means
that the desired transmission quality can be obtained by
increasing the bandwidth of the transmission system in the
environment of lower S/N ratio.

Spread Spectrum Feature and Category


Features

Categories

1.

Good concealment and privacy

2.

Anti-fading and anti-multipath interference

3.

Strong anti-interference capacity

4.

Multi-uses simultaneously occupy the same


bandwidth to realize the multiple access.

1.

Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS)


The CDMA adopts the DSSS, which combines the
signals needed to be transmitted with the PN code
(spread-spectrum code), the rate of which is greatly
larger than the information rate. In this way, the
spectrum width of the modulation signal is much
larger than that of the original information.

2.

Frequency hopping (FH)

3.

Time hopping (TH)


Linear frequency modulation

4.

Content

Multiple Access Technology


Spread Spectrum Definition/Feature/Category
Spreading Codes Used in CDMA

CDMA Spreading Code Selection

The spreading code usage is the key


technology of the spread spectrum communication.

Spreading code rate: 1.2288Mcps

Spreading code: The forward using the Walsh code


and short PN code; the reverse using the long PN
code.

Walsh Code Definition

The Walsh code definition


The Walsh function is a non-sine wave orthogonal function system and is
defined by using a Hadamard matrix H according to the recursive relation.
The Walsh function only gains the +1 and -1 or 0 and 1 values, which is
suitable to express and process the digital signal.
The Walsh function has a perfect correlation. In the Walsh function, the two
correlation functions are 0, which indicates they are orthogonal.

Walsh Code
Walsh code -------Walsh function,
orthogonal, used in the forward
spread spectrum in the CDMA system
0
0 0 0
0

0 1 0
0

0
1
0
1

0
0
1
1

0
1
1
0

H n Hn

H2n

___

Hn Hn

Unique characteristic:
Mutually orthogonal
For example:
The correlation of the 23rd Walsh code and the 59th Walsh code
#23 0110100101101001100101101001011001101001011010011001011010010110
#59 0110011010011001100110010110011010011001011001100110011010011001
Sum 0000111111110000000011111111000011110000000011111111000000001111

WALSH CODES
#
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63

---------------------------------- 64-Chip Sequence -----------------------------------------0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000


0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
0011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100110011
0110011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100110
0000111100001111000011110000111100001111000011110000111100001111
0101101001011010010110100101101001011010010110100101101001011010
0011110000111100001111000011110000111100001111000011110000111100
0110100101101001011010010110100101101001011010010110100101101001
0000000011111111000000001111111100000000111111110000000011111111
0101010110101010010101011010101001010101101010100101010110101010
0011001111001100001100111100110000110011110011000011001111001100
0110011010011001011001101001100101100110100110010110011010011001
0000111111110000000011111111000000001111111100000000111111110000
0101101010100101010110101010010101011010101001010101101010100101
0011110011000011001111001100001100111100110000110011110011000011
0110100110010110011010011001011001101001100101100110100110010110
0000000000000000111111111111111100000000000000001111111111111111
0101010101010101101010101010101001010101010101011010101010101010
0011001100110011110011001100110000110011001100111100110011001100
0110011001100110100110011001100101100110011001101001100110011001
0000111100001111111100001111000000001111000011111111000011110000
0101101001011010101001011010010101011010010110101010010110100101
0011110000111100110000111100001100111100001111001100001111000011
0110100101101001100101101001011001101001011010011001011010010110
0000000011111111111111110000000000000000111111111111111100000000
0101010110101010101010100101010101010101101010101010101001010101
0011001111001100110011000011001100110011110011001100110000110011
0110011010011001100110010110011001100110100110011001100101100110
0000111111110000111100000000111100001111111100001111000000001111
0101101010100101101001010101101001011010101001011010010101011010
0011110011000011110000110011110000111100110000111100001100111100
0110100110010110100101100110100101101001100101101001011001101001
0000000000000000000000000000000011111111111111111111111111111111
0101010101010101010101010101010110101010101010101010101010101010
0011001100110011001100110011001111001100110011001100110011001100
0110011001100110011001100110011010011001100110011001100110011001
0000111100001111000011110000111111110000111100001111000011110000
0101101001011010010110100101101010100101101001011010010110100101
0011110000111100001111000011110011000011110000111100001111000011
0110100101101001011010010110100110010110100101101001011010010110
0000000011111111000000001111111111111111000000001111111100000000
0101010110101010010101011010101010101010010101011010101001010101
0011001111001100001100111100110011001100001100111100110000110011
0110011010011001011001101001100110011001011001101001100101100110
0000111111110000000011111111000011110000000011111111000000001111
0101101010100101010110101010010110100101010110101010010101011010
0011110011000011001111001100001111000011001111001100001100111100
0110100110010110011010011001011010010110011010011001011001101001
0000000000000000111111111111111111111111111111110000000000000000
0101010101010101101010101010101010101010101010100101010101010101
0011001100110011110011001100110011001100110011000011001100110011
0110011001100110100110011001100110011001100110010110011001100110
0000111100001111111100001111000011110000111100000000111100001111
0101101001011010101001011010010110100101101001010101101001011010
0011110000111100110000111100001111000011110000110011110000111100
0110100101101001100101101001011010010110100101100110100101101001
0000000011111111111111110000000011111111000000000000000011111111
0101010110101010101010100101010110101010010101010101010110101010
0011001111001100110011000011001111001100001100110011001111001100
0110011010011001100110010110011010011001011001100110011010011001
0000111111110000111100000000111111110000000011110000111111110000
0101101010100101101001010101101010100101010110100101101010100101
0011110011000011110000110011110011000011001111000011110011000011
0110100110010110100101100110100110010110011010010110100110010110

Orthogonal and Correlated Features


Code #23 0110100101101001100101101001011001101001011010011001011010010110
(Code #23) 1001011010010110011010010110100110010110100101100110100101101001
Code #59 0110011010011001100110010110011010011001011001100110011010011001

#23
#23

#59

#23

#23

(#23)

PARALLEL

ORTHOGONAL

ANTI-PARALLEL

XOR: all 0s

XOR: half 0s, half 1s

XOR: all 1s

Correlation: 100%
(100% match)

Correlation: 0%
(50% match, 50% no-match)

Correlation: 100%
(100% no-match)

Walsh Code Application in CDMA


In the
CDMA,

The 64-order Walsh function is used


for the forward spread spectrum,
distinguishing the forward code
division channels in the sector and
orthogonally modulating the reverse
channels.

PN Code in CDMA
Pseudo noise (PN code): A signal similar to noise, seems
random but is actually the deterministic and periodic binary
sequence.

The definition of the m sequence

The m sequence is an important binary PN.

The m sequence is shortened from the longest linear


feedback shift-register sequence.

The detailed definition is as follows: If the n-level liner


shift register outputs the sequence period as P=2^n

1, this sequence is called the m sequence. The m


sequence generator consists of the shift register,
feedback tap and modulo-2 adder.

The PN code
in the CDMA
system

Short PN Sequence

The short PN sequence I and Q


are 32,768 chips long.

The short PN sequence is a two


dimensional binary vector
including the I and Q
sequences. The I and Q are
32,768 chips long.

32,768 chips long


26 2/3 ms.
(75 repetitions in 2 sec.)

I
Q

Each short PN sequence is


completely correlated with itself,
which means,completely
correlated with the short PN
sequence whose time offset is 0.
The short PN sequence with the
0 offset is orthogonal with any
short PN sequences with the
non-0 offset engendered by
itself.
64 chips offset is the offset unit
(PN_OFFSET_INDEX). The PN
codes 0~511 are available.

Feature:
Short PN Sequence vs. Itself @ 0 Offset
I
Q
I
Q

100% correlation: All bits are equal to 0


Short PN Sequence vs. Itself @ Any Offset
I
Q
I
Q
Orthogonal:1 (Quantity:16,384) + 0 (Quantity:1,684)

Long PN Sequence
Long code register

(@ 1.2288 MCPS)
AND
Public long code mask
1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0

P E RMU T E D

S UM

ESN

STATIC)
User long code sequence

(@1.2288 MCPS)

Modulo-2 add

Each mobile station uses a unique user long code sequence generated by
applying a mask, based on its 32-bit ESN, and the 42-bit long code register
which was synchronized with the CDMA system during the mobile station
initialization.
The rate reaches 1.2288 Mcps and the period is 41 d 10 h 12 m 19.4 s.
During calling, the user long PN codes generated by different mobile stations
are not strictly orthogonal, but they can be reliably demodulated to distinguish
the users in the reverse link because these long PN codes are greatly different.

PN Code Application in CDMA

In the CDMA system, there are two types of PN


code sequences:

Long PN code

2^42 1 (n = 42)

Short PN code

2^15

(n = 15)

Various usages

Forward channel

The long PN code is used for scrambling and the


short PN code is used for orthogonal spread
spectrum (identifying a base station).

Reverse channel

The long PN code is used for spread spectrum


(identifying a user) and the short PN code is used
for orthogonal modulation.

Feature and Function Summary of Spread-spectrum


Codes
Each type of spread-spectrum sequence has
various functions respectively on the forward and
reverse links. However, these sequences are used
to generate the users code division channel on
the both links.

Cell

64 chips long

64
codes

32,768 chips long


26-2/3 ms.
(75 repetitions in 2 sec.)
I
Q
AND
=
SUM
Modulo-2 Addition

Type

Walsh code

Short PN
code

Long PN
code

Quantity Length

64

64
chips
1/19,20
0 sec.
32,768
chips
26-2/3
ms
75x in 2
sec.
242
chips
~41
days

Feature

Forward
link
function

Reverse link
function

Mutually
orthogona
l

Identify
the
channel

Orthogonal
modulation

Orthogon
al except
the 0
offset

Distinguis
h the
sector

Quaternary
spread
spectrum (0
offset)

Closely
Data
orthogona scramblin
g
l

Distinguish
the user

Summary

Summary

Spread-spectrum Theory
PN Code and Application
WALSH Code and
Application

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen