Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
DR.MOHAMMAD KHALID
FCPS (Medicine)
4th MPH
PHSA PESHAWAR
OBJECTIVES:
INFECTION INFECTION
INFECTION
• DEFENCE
PHYSICAL
(SKIN)
What Is Immunity
Immunity is the ability of the body
to specifically counteract foreign
organisms or substances, called
antigens.
1:Primary organs:
Thymus: Responsible for maturation of the T cells.
Bone Marrow: Responsible for maturation of B cells.
2: Secondary organs:
- Spleen
-Lymphatic system
-Highly organized follicles are present in small
intestine (Peyerís patches) and tonsils
-Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue
THE IMMUNE SYSTEM HAS A
SERIES OF DUAL NATURES,
- faster-acting
- non-specific
- no stimulation needed for
activation
- It is genetically based and we pass it
on to our offspring.
- present from birth
- active round the clock
- INNATE IMMUNITY:
First-line defenses:
Phagocytic cells:
(phagocytose)
of serum proteins
b) That is, the host is intentionally exposed to the antigen
c) For example, the infant (or adult) receives
immunizations at the doctor's office
The individual undergoes a primary and secondary
antibody response
Passive acquired immunity
1. Is short-lasting
2. Is a "gift" of antibodies produced
outside the host's body
3. Mother to newborn
4. Emergency – ATS , ARG
5. Protection for sometime until
active immunity develops
1. This acquisition of antibodies may occur
"naturally" (NATURALLY ACQUIRED PASSIVE
IMMUNITY)
IMMUNITY)
- Vaccination
-active artificial immunity
- Herd immunity - ?
CONTROL OF INFECTION
• Vaccine Vs Anti-serum Or Ig
• TT Vs ATS or ATG
• TOXIN – TOXOID
• LIVE ATTENUATED VIRAL / BACTERIAL
VACCINES
• DEAD BACTERIAL VACCINES
• SUB-UNIT VACCINES
Live vaccines:
viral infections. measles, mumps,
rubella and chicken pox (varicella)
bacterial vaccine consisting of a
strain of Mycobacterium bovis,
Bacillus Calmet Geurin (BCG)
carry a serious risk of causing
overt disease in some
Can revert to their pathogenic
form and cause serious illness.
DEAD / Killed vaccines:
• whole organisms inactivated by
heat, chemicals or UV irradiation
• influenza, hepatitis A, yellow fever,
cholera, typhoid, Pertussis
• Serious reaction as with Pertussis
Sub-unit vaccines:
subcomponents of the pathogenic
organisms , usually proteins or
polysaccharides.
Hepatitis-B, rabies vaccines consist of
antigenic proteins
Toxoid:
diphtheria, tetanus, cholera
SYNTHETIC / RECOMBINANT
MOLECULAR / DNA VACCINE
ADJUVENTS
ROUTES OF ADMINISREATION OF VACCINES
• I/D – BCG
• I/M – HB VACCINE , DPT
• S/C – MEASLES
DPT HEP B IM
BACTERIAL VIRAL
IMMUNE DISORDERS:
Exaggerated Response :
Autoimmune disorders,
IDDM,RA,SLE,drug reactions,
THANKS