Control structures of power

electronics for DPGS

Grid feeding VSI
Control structures
Because grid interconnection
requirements are evolving towards the
demand of reliable and controllable power
delivery from DPGS, the control structures
developed for grid connected power
converters should accommodate
algorithms that would help DPGS to
comply with grid interconnection
requirements imposed by the transmission
or distribution network operators.

Grid feeding VSI (grid-tied VSI)
A grid feeding VSI is acting like a current source, synchronizing its output
voltage with the Grid voltage.

In most of the cases, they inject only active power (at unity PF).
They control the fundamental component of the current, but in the case of
distorted voltage at the PCC, they may include some additional current
harmonic compensation functions.

The control strategy consists mainly of two cascaded loops:
a fast internal current loop, which regulates the output current;
an external voltage loop, which controls the dc-link voltage.

The current loop is responsible for power quality issues and current
protection; thus, harmonic compensation and dynamics are the important
properties of the current controller
PWM driven voltage source
inverters control
Three main possibilities to structure of VSI
arise:
i) stationary a,b,c reference frame,
ii) stationary , reference frame
iii) synchronous rotating d,q reference
frame.
Grid converters
Stationary a,b,c control structure
For stationary abc frame control, the control
structure is implemented in abc frame, hence
giving the possibility to control independent each
phase current.
Three controllers are necessary in this case,
however, the filter and transformer connection
should be considered in case each phase
current is to be controlled individually.
Since in case of star connected load, the sum of
the three currents has to be zero, additional
caution has to be payed to this fact when
individual current control is desired.
Stationary a,b,c control structure
Controllers
Hysteresis Controllers and dead beat are
normally employed for current regulation in abc
frame.
In addition to this, an adaptive hysteresis band
needs to be implemented in order to obtain a
quasi-constant switching frequency.
Also the necessity of high sampling frequency
constitute the disadvantages when designing
and implementing hysteresis controller.
However, its fast dynamics is a strong argument
for implementing it into a grid connected power
generation system.
stationary , reference frame
Compared to a,b,c control structure, the advantage of
implementing the control in , stationary frame is that
the number of controlled variables is reduced from three
to two, hence necessitates less computational power
when implemented in digital signal processors or micro-
controllers.
In addition, information about filter/transformer
connection is not necessary to be accounted when
designing the controllers, like is the case for abc
reference frame control.
Consequently, independent control of each phase
current is not possible using this control structure.
Transformation
Control ,
Due to limitations of PI controllers when
controlling sinusoidal quantities, a new controller
type denoted proportional-resonant (PR) has
gained large popularity lately, especially for grid
connected converters .
Another advantageous feature of PR controller is
the possibility of implementing harmonic
compensator based on generalized integrators ,
without interfering with controller dynamics,
achieving a high quality delivered current.
synchronous rotating dq reference
frame
In case of synchronous rotating reference frame, dq
frame, the control is implemented in a reference frame
which rotates with the same frequency as the grid
angular frequency.
In order to transform the feedback variables in this
reference frame, the phase angle of grid voltage is
necessary , constituting a disadvantage of this structure.
However, the control variables transformed in dq frame
appear as dc quantities, hence facilitating easier control
and signal processing, e.g. filtering.
In this situation, employment of PI controllers for current
regulation is appropriate, however, as Fig. illustrates,
cross-coupling terms and grid voltage feed-forward may
be necessary in order to obtain best results.
synchronous rotating dq reference
frame
d,q Control
controllers
The transfer functions of proportional-integral (PI),
proportional-resonant (PR), dead-beat (DB) and
hysteresis controllers are possible.
Possibility of implementing the same controller in more
than one reference frame is also addressed by showing
the implementation of PI controller in both dq rotating
reference frame and abc stationary frame.
In addition to the implementation of controllers, different
schemes for harmonic compensation, depending on the
reference frame, are possible. It has been shown that it
is less complicated to implement harmonic compensator
(HC) in stationary reference frame such abc using
generalized integrators (GI) than implementation in
synchronous rotating reference frame where several low-
pass and high-pass filters need to be used.
synchronous rotating dq reference
frame
Current Transfer functions
Syncronization with the Grid
The synchronization with the grid voltage (aligning the grid voltage
vector with one of the d or q axis) is accomplished with a Phase
Locked Loop (PLL), which tracks the grid voltage phase. The PLL
performances affect the entire control loop dynamic behavior and the
quality of the injected power into the MG.
The current control scheme includes two PI (proportional-integral)
controllers for each of the two axis (d, q), the voltage feed-forward
terms, and the cross-coupling elimination terms.
The PI controllers ensure zero error between I
d
, I
q
and I
dref
, I
qref
by the
integral action. The reference currents come from the active and
reactive power references.

Thus, I
dref
is proportional with the output active power, while I
qref
is
proportional with the output reactive power:
ref
q d
d
dref
P
U U
U
I
+
=
2 2
and
ref
q d
d
qref
Q
U U
U
I
+

=
2 2

In the case of grid-feeding inverter, usual the reactive power is set to zero (Q
ref
= 0).
The way the active power reference (P
ref
) is generated depends of the primary
source type and the DC-side converter topology.
In the case of RES (wind turbines, PV) the objective is to maximize of the
extracted power. The maximum power point tracker (MPPT)
accomplishes this task and it can be integrated in the primary source side
or in the inverters control system.
The DC voltage can be controlled from the primary source side or from the
inverters control system. In the second case the control system includes a
voltage control loop, also, using a PI controller, which acts on I
dref
.
The tuning of the controllers is of a great importance, affecting the dynamic
behavior of the current loop and the stability of the control system.
The outputs U
d
and U
q
are transformed from dq reference frame to abc
reference frame using the reference angle u provided by the PLL. After
transformation the signals are fed into a PWM signal generator that provides
the PWM pulses for the transistors.
PLL basis
A PLL is basically composed from the following:

Phase Detector (PD). This block generates an output signal
proportional to the phase difference between its two input
signals.

Loop Filter (LF). This block exhibits low pass characteristic
and filters out the high frequency ac components from the PD
output. Typically this is a 1-st order LPF or PI controller.

Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCO). This block generates
at its output an ac signal whose frequency varies respect a
central frequency as a function of the input voltage.

Example of a three-phase PLL
1
1
p
i
k
T s
| |
+
|
\ .
LF
VCO
1
s
c
e
dq
PD
abc
u
a
u
b
u
c

U
d
U
q
U
f
Ca ex articolul cu Catalin Renewable 2011
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