Digital

Video
By
RAVINDRA NAITHANI
Assistant Engineer
Doordarshan Kendra Lucknow

Analog video signal consists of three component video
signals, one Luminance signal Y and two color difference
signals CB, CR , derived from the primary colors R,G,B
Component Video Signal
Y = 0.3R+0.59G+0.11B
CB = 0.71(B-Y)
CR = 0.56(R-Y)

Matrix
R
G
B
Component Video Signal
Y - Signal
C
B
- Signal
C
R
- Signal
sec 52 sec 12
Active period
Blanking period
Conversion of Analog Video to Digital Video Signal
( ITU-BT.R.601)
There are two main processes which convert
analog signal to digital signal

Sampling : Converting analog signal into discrete signal

Quantization : A process in which each discrete value is
represented or coded using a group of bits
(8 or 10 bits)

LPF Sample and
Hold
Quanitization
Analog Signal
Digital Signal


How to choose number of samples per second


1. Sampling frequency, fS must be greater than
or equal to Nyquist Frequency fN (=> 2fmax )
2. Sampling frequency must be the integer
multiple of horizontal scanning frequency,

h
f
3. Sampling Frequency is chosen to be 13.5 MHz which
is compatible to PAL and NTSC system and
computed from the following relation
PAL h NTSC h S
f f f
, ,
864 858 = =
5 . 13 15625 864 15750 858 = = =
S
f
MHz
Sampling Format
For every 2 2 Y pixels
4Cb & 4Cr pixels
(No sub-sampling)
4:4:4 Format

4:4:4 Format
4:2:2 Format
For every 2 2 Y pixels
2Cb & 2Cr pixels
(sub-sampling by 2:1
horizontally only)

Cb and Cr Pixels
Y Pixel
Sampling Format Cont ..
4:1:1 Format
For every 4 1 Y pixels
1Cb & 1Cr pixels
(sub-sampling by 4:1
horizontally only)

For every 2 2 Y pixels

1Cb & 1Cr pixels
(sub-sampling by 2:1both
horizontally and vertically)

4:2:0 Format
sec 33 . 53
sec 66 . 10
Discrete Video Signal
Active period
Blanking period
720 Samples
144
Samples
Number of
samples in
PAL SDTV
Number of
samples in
NTSC SDTV



FORMAT

RESOLUTION

RAW BIT
RATE

REMARK

CCIR 601

720 ppl 576 Ipf 25 fps

149.3 Mbps

Digital video

CIF

352 ppl 288 Ipf 30 fps

36.5 Mbps

Digital video

QCIF

176 ppl 144 Ipf 30 fps

9.13 Mbps

Digital video

SIF

360 ppl 288 Ipf 30 fps

37.3 Mbps

Digital video

HDTV

1280 ppl 720 Ipf 59.94/60 fps
1920 ppl 1080 Ipf 29.97/30 fps

663.6 Mbps
1.3905 Gbps

Digital TV

NTSC

525 Ipf 29.97 fps



Analog TV

PAL

625 Ipf 25 fps



Analog TV

SECAM

625 Ipf 25 fps



Analog TV

VGA

640 ppl 480 lines



Computer

SVGA

1024 ppl 768 lines



computer

List of source image / video formats
Sampling of component in accordance of ITU-BT.R.601

sec 33 . 53
sec 66 . 10
Quantization
Active period
Blanking period
11010011
10110101
720 Samples
144
Samples
Quantization
Quantization Error/Noise
n
ge VoltageRan Ana
2
log
2
1

|
.
|

\
|
~

Y
235 / 940
16 / 64
255 / 1023
0mv
Level Diagram
The video signal conforming to ITU BT R601, (Normally available
as a SDI signal), forms the input signal to an MPEG encoder.
700mv
0mv
240 / 960
16 / 64
255 / 1023
-350mv
350mv
128 / 512
C
b
/ C
r

0 / 0 0 / 0
1111 1111
1111 0000
0001 0000
0000 0000
Quantization
1000 0000
1110 1011
0001 0000
SAV and EAV Code Words in the ITU-BR.R601

- F = Field (0 = 1
st
field, 1 = 2
nd
field)
- V = Vertical blanking (1 = vertical blanking interval)
- H = SAV/EAV identification (0 = SAV, 1 = EAV)
- P0, P1, P2, P3 = Protection bits (Hamming code)



S
A
V
E
A
V
C
b
Y C
r
Y C
b

TRS-ID TRS-ID
S
A
V
E
A
V
Blanking or
Ancillary data
Blanking or
Ancillary data (Audio signal, or error protection information)
Active Line Pixel Data
TRS - ID : Timing reference sequence identification
SAV - Start of active video
EAV End of active video
Code pattern of SAV & EAV
11111111 (11) 00000000 (00) 00000000 (00) 1F V H P3 P2 P1 P0 (00)
Sampling rate for analog video signal
Sampling Frequency for Y-signal
13.5 MHz
Sampling Frequency for CB-signal
Sampling Frequency for CR-signal
6.75 MHz
6.75 MHz
Bit rate for a digital video signal
with 8-bit quantization resolution
13.5 *8=108 Mbps
6.75 *8=54 Mbps
6.75 *8=54 Mbps
216 Mbps Total
Digital Video Data Rate
Sampling rate for analog video signal
Sampling Frequency for Y-signal
13.5 MHz
Sampling Frequency for CB-signal
Sampling Frequency for CR-signal
6.75 MHz
6.75 MHz
Bit rate for a digital video signal with
10-bit quantization resolution
13.5 *10=135 Mbps
6.75 *10= 67.5 Mbps
6.75 *10= 67.5 Mbps
270 Mbps
Total
44.1 kHz
(32/44.1/48 kHz)

2*16*44.1=1.41 Mbps
Bit rate of digital audio signal with 16-
bit quantization resolution
Sampling Frequency for
audio signal
Digital Audio Data Rate
Serial Digital Interface (SDI)
Uncompressed digital Video signals have a data rate of 270 M.bits/s.

Digital video is distributed through SDI (Serial CCIR 601 Interface)

SDI uses waveform that is symmetrical about ground and has an
initial amplitude of 800 mVpp across 75 ohm load.

SDI signal can be fed through 75 ohm coaxial cable having BNC
connectors.

Unlike analog vide practice, serial digital receivers contain correct
termination that is permanently present and passive loop through is
not possible.

In permanent installations, no attempt should be made to drive more
than one load using T-pieces as this will result in signal reflections
that seriously compromise the data integrity.


TRS-ID
Generator
(Composite only)
10 bit
shift
register
8 or 10 bit
samples
L
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75O
Coax.
Equalizer
S
c
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b
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s

D
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s
c
r
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m
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l
e
s

PLL
Shift
clock
360MHz
270MHz
40Fx
PLL10
27MHz
36MHz
or 4 Fx
Centre
Freq.
Adjust
30 bit
shift register
Latch
Sync
Pattern
detect
10
Out
Clock
Word
Clock
Bit
Clock
30
10
Regenerated
Clock
THANK YOU