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I I George STI(T)
Why COFDM ?
Multi
Large
Doppler
Limitation
of bandwidth
of propagation of a channel
Limitations
COFDM is the solution to cope with selective and time-variant frequency fading.
I.I.George,Dy.Director, STI(T), Delhi
2 Carriers
4Carriers
I.I.George,Dy.Director, STI(T), Delhi
OFDM Carriers
COFDM Spectrum
COFDM : HOW ?
time segment
frequency
COFDM : HOW ?
time
OFDM symbol
frequecy
COFDM : HOW ?
time
OFDM symbol
frequency
Guard interval
COFDM : HOW ?
4 - Insert Synchronization Pilots to help Receivers to lock onto the useful signal
OFDM Frame
(68 OFDM symbols)
time
frequency
COFDM : HOW ?
time
frequency
COFDM : HOW ?
6 - Map bits onto OFDM : spread contiguous data bits over distant sub-carriers DATA to broadcast
Protected DATA
0 1 0 0
time
frequency
Regular constellations
Data mapping is realised by applying one physical modulation to each sub-carrier
64QAM
000000
4QAM
00
16QAM
0000
Implementing
In OFDM the sub carrier pulse used for transmission is chosen to be rectangular.
According to Fourier Transform the rectangular pulse lead to a sin(x)/x spectrum of the subcarriers
This has the advantage that the task of pulse forming and modulation can be performed by IDFT which can be implemented very efficiently by IFFT.
In the receiver we need a FFT operation.
I.I.George,Dy.Director, STI(T), Delhi
Implementing COFDM 0001 0010 1111 0000 0101 1101- interleaved protected data 0001
Map to QAM Constellation
A1+Jb1 A2+Jb2
-------------.
Perform IFFT
-------------
An+Jbn
S i g n a l r e p re s e n t a t io n o f O F D M u s i n g ID F T / D F T C o n s i d e r a d a t a s e q u e n c e , d 0 , d 1 ,d 2 ,d 3 d N - 1 W h e r e d n= a n+ j b n If D F T i s p er f o r m e d , t h e r e s u l t i s a v e c to r D = (D 0 ,D 1 D n - 1 ) o f N c om ple x n u m b e r s .
D
m
N -1 n=0
d ne-
j ( 2 nm / N )
N -1 n=0
d ne
- j 2pfntm
m =0 ,1,2, N -1
W h e r e f n = n /( N D t ), t m = m D t w h er e D t = S y m b o l d u r a ti o n o f t h e se r i a l d a t a d n . T h e r ea l p a r t o f D h a s tw o c o m p o n e n t s
Ym =
N -1 n=0
i f th e s e si g n a l s a r e p a s s e d t h r o u g h a l o w p a ss f i l te r a t t i m e i n t e r v a l s D t , w e g e t a F D M si g n a l ,
y (t ) =
N -1 n=0
COFDM Modulator
COFDM Transmitter
COFDM Reciever
If we use 64 QAM, the number of bit / carrier is = 6 bits If FEC rate is 5/6, then the number of usefull bits = 5/6 X 6 = 5 Bits/symbol/carrier No. of sub carriers = Ns will be = 50000/5 = 10000 carriers The band width required is = f0 X Ns = 625 X 10000 = 6.25 MHz
I.I.George,Dy.Director, STI(T), Delhi
Fourier transform/IFT
DFT Eqn.