Conjunction Notes

Presented by: NUR AMANINA AZHARI RAUDHAH RAMLAN

Table of content
1. Definition of conjunction 2. Types of conjunction 3. Aspects of conjunction - Forms - Functions - Positions

connect words or groups of words. It is a linking word.

1. Definition of conjunction

2. Types of conjunction
There are 3 kinds of conjunctions.
1. Coordinating 2. Correlative 3. Subordinating

1. Coordinating Conjunctions:
is a single connecting word.

Example: and, but, or, yet, for, nor, so

Coordinating conjunctions join equals to one another:

words to words, phrases to phrases, clauses to clauses.

Example
WORD TO WORD Most children like cookies AND milk. PHRASES TO PHRASES The gold is hidden at the beach OR at the lakeside. CLAUSES TO CLAUSES What you say AND what you do are two different things.

Coordinating conjunctions usually form looser connections than other conjunctions do.

EXAMPLES Marge was late for work , AND she received cut in pay. ( VERY LOOSE ) Marge was late for work. SO she received a cut in pay. ( LOOSE ) BECAUSE Marge was late for work. She received a cut in pay. ( the subordinate conjunction BECAUSE creates a tighten link between two ideas. )

Coordinating conjunctions go in between items joined, not at the beginning or end.

[between]

[beginning]

Punctuation with coordinating conjunctions:

When a coordinating conjunction joins two words, phrases, or subordinate clauses, no comma should be placed before the conjunction.

EXAMPLES :
WORDS : COOKIES AND MILK PHRASES : AT THE BEACH OR BY THE LAKESIDE SUBORDINATE CLAUSES : WHAT YOU SAY AND WHAT YOU DO

A coordinating conjunction joining three or more words, phrases, or subordinate clauses creates a series and requires commas between the elements
.

EXAMPLES :
Words : peanut, cookies AND milk Phrases : in the mountains, at the

beach, OR by the lakeside

Subordinate clauses : what you say,

AND what you do

A coordinating conjunction joining two independent clauses creates a compound sentence and requires a comma before the coordinating conjunction

EXAMPLES :

Tom ate all the peanuts SO Phil ate the cookies I dont care for the beach BUT I enjoy good vacation in the mountains

Example of Words:
Pete and Terry are good friends. (Nouns) Did you speak with him or her? (Pronouns) The dog growled and barked at me. (Verbs) The box was long and narrow. (Adjectives) She spoke softly yet urgently. (Adverbs)

Group of Words:
He looked on the chair and under the chair. (Prepositional phrases) Katy began the job but did not finish. (Complete predicates) You should remove the bread from the oven, or it will burn. (Sentences)

2.

Correlative Conjunctions: are pairs of conjunctions. Correlative conjunctions also connect words or groups of words.

Example : both/and either/or neither/nor not only/but also whether/or

These pairs of conjunctions require equal (parallel) structures after each one.

CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS These conjunctions join independent clauses together.

Example of Words:
Both the temperature and the humidity were high yesterday. (Nouns) That coat is neither warm nor comfortable. (Adjectives)

Group of Words:

Either Eva will come to our house, or we will see

her at my cousins house. (Sentences)

3. Subordinating Conjunctions: cannot stand alone as a sentence. They begin a clause that cannot stand alone and joins it to a clause that can stand alone. A clause is a group of words with a subject and verb.

Example: The fans were quiet while the golfer putted. Although I prefer peaches, I also like strawberries.

Common Subordinate Conjunctions

After as soon as in order that until Although as though since when As because so that whenever As far as before than where As if even though wherever As long as if unless while

Subordinating conjunctions also join two clauses together, but in doing so, they make one clause dependent (or "subordinate") upon the other.

RELATIVE PRONOUN Before After While

That which whose where what

SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTION

RELATIVE ADVERB

Where when why how

EXAMPLES : Subordinate conjunction of time

The patient had died before the doctor arrived.

Subordinate conjunction of reason

Since you insist, I will come to your home.

Subordinate conjunction of purpose We eat so that we may live.

Subordinate conjunction of condition

I wonder why you left the company.

Subordinate conjunction of consequence

The baby was so tired that it slept immediately.

Subordinate conjunction of concession

Though you insist, I will not talk to her.

Subordinate conjunction of comparison

You are taller than I.

Since
As a conjunction since means from the past time when. Where have you been since I last saw you? It is one week since we arrived here. I have never seen him since I left that city.

When used as a conjunction in this sense, since is usually preceded by a verb in the present perfect tense, and followed by a verb in the past tense. The conjunction since can also mean as. Since we have no money, we cant buy anything. (= As we have no money, we cant buy anything.)

Notes

The conjunction or is used to introduce an alternative.

Is it blue or green? Hurry up, or else we will be late. You can study hard or you can fail.

Or

The conjunction nor is still used, though it is not very common. Its most common use is in the correlative pair neither-nor.

Nor

She is neither beautiful nor intelligent.

He is neither rich nor wise. Nor can also be used with other negative expressions. Peter didnt turn up, and nor did Harry.

The conjunction if means on the condition that, supposing that and similar ideas.
If you want to go, I will you take you. If it rains, we shall not go. If can also mean when or whenever. If I do not wear my spectacles, I get a headache.

If

If can mean whether. Do you know if Mr John is at home?

The conjunction that can be used to express a reason or cause. It is equivalent to because. He was annoyed that he was contradicted. (= He was annoyed because he was contradicted.) That may also express a purpose. It is equivalent to in order that. We sow that we may reap.

That

Definition:

Interjections

A short utterance that usually expresses emotion and is capable of standing alone. Interjections are generally considered one of the traditional parts of speech.
In writing, an interjection is typically followed by an exclamation point.

interjection

meaning
expressing pleasure

example
"Ah, that feels good." "Ah, now I understand." "Ah well, it can't be heped." "Ah! I've won!"

ah

expressing realization expressing resignation expressing surprise

alas

expressing grief or pity

"Alas, she's dead now."

dear

expressing pity expressing surprise

"Oh dear! Does it hurt?"

"Dear me! That's a surprise!"

eh

asking for repetition

"It's hot today." "Eh?" "I said it's hot today."

expressing enquiry

"What do you think of that, eh?"

eh

expressing surprise inviting agreement

"Eh! Really?"

"Let's go, eh?"

er hello, hullo

expressing hesitation

"Lima is the capital of...er...Peru." "Hello John. How are you today?" "Hello! My car's gone!"

expressing greeting
expressing surprise

calling attention "Hey! look at that!"

hey hi

expressing surprise, joy etc expressing greeting

"Hey! What a good idea!" "Hi! What's new?"

hmm

expressing hesitation, doubt or disagreement expressing surprise

"Hmm. I'm not so sure."

"Oh! You're here!" "Oh! I've got a toothache."

"Oh, please say 'yes'!"

oh, o

expressing pain

expressing pleading

ouch

expressing pain expressing hesitation expressing agreement expressing hesitation

"Ouch! That hurts!" "Uh...I don't know the answer to that."

uh
uh-huh um, umm

"Shall we go?" "Uh-huh."

"85 divided by 5 is...um...17."

expressing surprise

"Well I never!"

well
introducing a "Well, what did he say?" remark

Exercises for conjunction

HTTP://ESL.FIS.EDU/VOCAB/Q1 2M/CONJ_R.HTM

More conjunction exercises

HTTP://WWW.LEARNENGLISHFEE LGOOD.COM/ENGLISHSUBORDINATINGCONJUNCTIONS2.HTML

ah

er

hello dear

eh

hmm oh uh-huh

alas well ouch

um

1. " Ah that feels good" 2. " Alas, she's dead now" 3. " Oh Dear ! Does it hurt ?" 4. "What do you think of that, eh ?" 5. "Lima is the capital of.... er....Peru" 6. " Hello John, How are you today ?" 7. " hmm, I'm not so sure" 8. " Oh , please say 'yes' !" 9. " Well, what did he say " 10. " 85 divided by 5 is... um...17" 11. "Shall we go ? " "Uh-huh " 12. " ouch ! That hurts !"

Answers
1. " Ah that feels good" 2. " Alas, she's dead now" 3. " Oh Dear ! Does it hurt ?" 4. "What do you think of that, eh ?" 5. "Lima is the capital of.... er....Peru" 6. " Hello John, How are you today ?" 7. " hmm, I'm not so sure" 8. " Oh , please say 'yes' !" 9. " Well, what did he say " 10. " 85 divided by 5 is... um...17" 11. "Shall we go ? " "Uh-huh " 12. " ouch ! That hurts !"

THE END AND THANK YOU. Have a nice day.