Radio Network Optimisation: Icn PLM Ca NP

Radio Network Optimisation
ICN PLM CA NP
SIEMENS Limited 1999
Main Topics
What is network optimisation? Why optimisation? Aim of network optimisation Advantages for the customer Planning vs. optimising Major problem areas Radio optimisation related processes Tuning Test types Measurement analysis Change request and action Acceptance tests Ongoing optimising Pre-analysis: general network check Customer complaints analysis Collect/analyse OMC statistics Collect/analyse drive test measurements Implement changes Test mobile Repeated call setups Continuous call Statistics 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 10 11 11 12 13 14 Concept for optimisation Analysis programs Problem symptoms Coverage analysis Test mobile measurements Possible problem areas Antenna configuration Antenna types - typical beam patterns Antenna fine tuning Omni vs. sectorised Vertical antenna beam Tilting Antennadiversity type Verification of RF network design Site check Antenna isolation Site physical configuration Site-to-site distances and distribution Special features for improving coverage Cell splitting, sectorisation DTM check Propagation model verification Link budget analysis 14 15 15 16 16 17 18 18 19 20 20 21 22 23 23 24 25 25 26 26 27 27 28
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Main Topics (continued)

Dropped call analysis Call setup analysis MAXRETR Handover performance analysis Handover parameters Consequence of missing neighbours Consequence of many neighbour definitions Handover measurements Handover parameters Radio link measurements Handover algorithm Handover criteria - quality Handover decision Intracell handover Level handovers Distance handover Power budget handover Cell reselection Speech quality analysis Downlink interference measurement Frequency changes BSIC optimisation 29 30 30 31 31 32 32 33 33 34 36 37 37 38 39 40 40 41 43 43 44 45 Call setup/handover mechanisms Location area codes Interference reduction Power control Frequency hopping DTX Channel configuration Capacity enhancements Adding TRX Interference reduction features Traffic load distribution Call setup/handover mechanisms Hierarchical cell structures Concentric cells Overlaid micro-and picocells Microcell frequency planning Speed sensitive handovers Half rate coding/dual rate operation Cell parameter optimisation Performance measurements 45 46 46 47 48 49 50 50 51 51 52 52 53 53 54 54 55 55 56 56
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What is Network Optimisation?

Improving Capacity, Quality and General Performance of the
existing Network Infrastructure
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Why Optimisation?
Coverage holes
Performance degradation by interference

Different subscriber distribution compared to that assumed for
the network design Unexpectedly high subscriber growth Extensive network expansions ongoing Frequency resources at the limit Unexpected mobility profile of subscribers
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Aim of Network Optimisation

Improved Network Quality
Speech quality, Call success rate, Call setup time Service area , Radio Coverage Increase in subscriber potential
Improved Network Availability
Optimised utilisation of installed equipment
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Advantages for the Customer

Optimum utilization of the system Reduced subscriber complaints
Optimised subscriber satisfaction
resources Minimized costs
Increased Profit
One step ahead of the Competitors
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Planning vs. Optimising

Thorough network planning from start can reduce the optimisation effort
significantly! In a poorly planned network, achievable optimisation effects without major re-design are rather marginal A close link between the two activities is necessary
Be involved
Feedback result
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Major Problem Areas

no coverage
interference blocking handover not working HW/SW failures
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Radio Optimisation Related Processes

Tuning
Acceptance Tests Ongoing Optimisation
The following processes involve optimisation related activities
Tuning Process

drive tests adjustment of network parameters
Acceptance tests Ongoing Optimisation
Repeated quality control and improvement as network grows / matures
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Tuning
Test Measurement Measurement Analyzing Change Request Action
Repeat Process until Agreed Quality
Objectives :

Verify network configuration against current planning status Identify and eliminate equipment faults (HW/SW) and installation errors Ensure that the network is ready for acceptance testing
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Test Types
Continuous drive test
setup a test call and drive over an area for detecting lack of coverage, missing handovers, interferences etc.
detail measurement to be taken at dedicated problem spots for detail analyzing of specific problem
Spot test
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Measurement Analysis
Antenna Installation check
height, orientation and tilt

OMC
Basic cell parameters and functions
BCCH, BSIC, CI, LAC Neighbour List, consistency HO and power parameters Call Setup on all timeslots and speech quality check HO to other sectors or other neighbours
Test measurement (TEMS etc. together with a GPS)

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Signal Strength Co-channel and adjacent interference Handover relations

Change Request and Action

SBS System Database

Change BCCH to avoid interference Change HO-Margin Add neighbour relations (Mutual) Antenna tilt etc. Software bugs Transmission sync. (ADPCM)
Site Hardware
System error

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Acceptance Tests
Setup Test Scenario
Setup Test Scenario Test Purpose Test Definitions

Performing Test
Test Result
Test Routes Test Procedure Test Duration Acceptance Criteria
Coverage Criteria Coverage Area Successful Call
Test Analysis
Test Results

Test Condition Test Equipment Test Methodology
Signal Level Signal Quality Handover Call Success Rate
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Ongoing Optimising
For improvement of the network after it is launched and filled
up by subscribers
Pre-analysis: General network check Collect / analyse complaints Collect / analyse OMC statistics Collect / analyse drive test measuremts Propose / implement changes
Repeat process until agreed quality
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Pre-analysis: General Network Check

Steps to be carried out:
Kick-off meeting Determine original network planning objectives Collect information about network status Determine functional network structure, e.g.
- BTS / BSC locations., antenna direction etc. - services and features used - network structure (macrocell, microcell etc.)
Determine the network element configuration, e.g.

- number of TRX per cell - sector / omni config.
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Visit selected sites (if necessary) Database analysis

Customer Complaints Analysis

Additional source of information, but difficult to handle
Customer service desk must collect all relevant information

Caller and Called No. (PSTN->MS, etc.) What is the problem? (Voice Quality, Cant make a call, etc.) MS is moving or fixed while make call Where did the problem occur? When?
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Collect / Analyse OMC Statistics

OMC Measurement
Handled traffic (congestion on TCH, SDCCH) dropped calls Interference Handover reason (due to UL_QUAL, Powerbudget, distance)
Less labor intensive and time consuming More comprehensive, based on large number of users not limited to time of test drive Uplink and Downlink analysis possible Subscriber behavior mix of outdoor, indoor, incar use
Advantages over test drives:

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Collect / Analyse OMC Statistics

Disadvantages, limitations:

Limited geographical resolution (Where does the problem occur?) Cannot separate problems due to coverage from other

Call attempts in uncovered areas are not counted Call drop due to lack of coverage
Network must have minimum load for reliable statistics
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Collect / Analyse Drive Test Measurements

Test types Continuos drive test (Trace mode) Spot test Network performance test (Statistical mode)
Test Measurement Collect MS measurement report data (Downlink only!!)

Serving signal level BER (Rxqual) Channel Number CI and LAI
Timing Advance Layer 3 messages BSICs Signal and power levels of neighbouring cells
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Implement Changes
Changes related to database parameters
Actions related to site hardware Problems to be solved by Normal Roll-out activities Problems to be solved by other system experts
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Test Mobile
Various modes, e.g. Repeated call setups Continuous call Scanning mode
check for spectrum
occupancy
check for BCCH with no neighbour relations
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Repeated Call Setups

UmInterface AbisInterface A-Interface
Base Transceiver Station
Base Station Controller
Mobile Switching Center
PSTNInterface
Method

Serial Interface
Measuremt Software
call setup hold for predefined time period and then release

predefined time = mean holding time call may be dropped earlier
repeat call setup after predefined waiting time (typical 15 s) simulate subscriber behavior wide area quality assessment and trend identification
Purpose

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Repeated Call Setups

Typical parameters

call setup success rate, setup time, dropped call rate statistics can be generated in Tornado / Planet, e.g.
Call Diagnostics RxQual Full Threshold: RxQual Full Threshold (%): 90 RxLev Full Threshold: RxLev Full Threshold (%): 90 Maximum Setup Time (s): Call 1 2 3 4 5 6 Time 21:38.8 23:53.1 26:08.7 28:23.9 30:38.8 32:54.4 Setup 6.5 FAIL 5.7 6.4 5.8 12 4 14 10
Clear Down RxQual (%) RxLev (%) Category OK 100 100 GOOD FAIL FAIL FAIL NO SETUP OK 98 85.3 LOW SIGNAL OK 79.5 100 NOISY FAIL FAIL FAIL DROPPED OK 100 100 DELAYED
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Continuous Call
Method

call setup hold continuously until drive test route complete
in case of call drops re-establish
Purpose

Wide area quality trace Locating individual problem areas Detailed analysis in problem areas Quality assessment on rural highways etc. BS Testing and Functional Testing
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Continuous Call
Typical parameters RxLev, RxQual, BCCH, BSIC, handover, Layer 3 messages etc.
Import into planning tool Terrain or clutter background Comparison of measured network performance vs. prediction Statistics: RxLev, RxQual, handover success rate
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Statistics
Combine from both modes
Measurement RxLev > -85 dBm RxQual < 4 Handover success rate Call setup success rate Mean setup time Dropped call rate Test sample unit Measurement bin (Tornado) Measurement bin (Tornado) Handover attempt Call attempt Call successfully setup Call successfully setup No. of samples Measured value 8,432 8,432 61 115 106 106 99.90% 99.20% 93.50% 90.30% 5.3 s 1.00%
Typical measurements also used for acceptance tests
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Performance Measurements
Provide an overview of network performance (statistics)
uplink analysis also possible validity depends on sufficient samples

blocking rate
BTS ID LAC 6 2 5 22 1 4 4 4 4 4 CI 4052 4083 4051 4183 4082 CI 4052 4052 4171 4041 BSIC 2 2 2 2 2 BSIC 2 2 2 2 4 4 6 7 4 2 6 0 1 f1 83 76 79 77 84 f1 f2 69 67 66 80 f2 f3 f4 f3 f4 Busy hour 16:00:00 16:00:00 16:00:00 12:00:00 13:00:00 TCH Blocking Rate 66.53% 30.16% 7.91% 3.96% 3.81%
Examples:
BTS ID LAC 25 6 26 3
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Busy hour SDCCH Blocking Rate 15:00:00 16:00:00 13:00:00 13:00:00 32.99% 5.99% 2.83% 2.06%
4 4 4 4
83 69 83 69 63 87
Performance Measurements
Call setup success rate

BTS ID 25 29 15 5 26 11 LAC 4 4 4 4 4 4 CI 4152 4131 4032 4051 4171 4071 Busy Hour 15:00:00 15:00:00 18:00:00 16:00:00 13:00:00 12:00:00 Call Set-up Success Rate 28.4% 68.0% 81.3% 92.1% 94.1% 94.7%
Dropped call rate

BTS ID LAC 37 15 22 25 7 26 29 27 19 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 CI 4192 4032 4183 4152 4011 4171 4131 4172 4212 TCH RF Loss Inter Cell HO Connections Loss 19730 12740 10993 24748 8849 15922 5712 10421 9192 1526 723 485 755 240 219 77 156 130 23 6 18 12 16 28 8 4 9 Intra Cell HO Loss 153 58 13 29 23 12 6 4 5 Call Drop Rate 9% 6% 5% 3% 3% 2% 2% 2% 2%
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Concept for Optimisation

Alternatives Status of the Network Decide further Analysis Program Analyzing Programs Coverage Dropped Calls
Network Snapshot
Call Setup Success Handover Perf.
Speech Quality Quick Check

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General Check
Analysis Programs
Coverage: Analysis for Fulfilment of Coverage Requirements (Urban, rural ... areas, outdoor, in-car, indoor) Analysis for Dropped Calls due to Interference, SW/HW failures, Transmission Network Failures
Dropped Call:
Call Setup:
Analysis for Blocking and Capacity Limitations, Analysis for Resource Allocation Procedures
Analysis for Efficient Handover Performance Analysis for Interference
Handover: Speech Quality:
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Problem Symptoms
No service
High call drop rate No coverage RF Network No System Availability No coverage Network Element Failures Interference Transmission Network Failures Handover failure Fixed Network BSS, SSS Network Element Failure Low call setup success rate Transmission Failures RF Network Other networks No coverage Mobile terminal Interference Blocking Poor speech quality Fixed Network BSS, SSS RF Network Blocking No coverage Overload Interference Other Poor handover performance Fixed Network BSS, SSS Network element failure Transmission network failure Other networks Mobile Phone
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Coverage Analysis
Test mobile measurements
Antenna configuration check

Verification of RF network design DTM check Propagation model verification Link budget analysis
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Test Mobile Measurements

Collect RxLev measurements together with GPS co-ordinates
Analyse on planning tool

Reasons for poor coverage:
serving cell not best server
handover problems check site / network design
best server signal low
Analyse in terms of relevant
thresholds:

indoor level in-car level outdoor level

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Test Mobile Measurements

Consequences of poor RxLev: low RxQual vulnerable to interference Limitation with drive tests: downlink only Another method: statistical analysis OMC or drive tests
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Possible Problem Areas

Downlink Output power low Obstruction of Tx antenna Antennae not aligned properly Broken / wrongly connected cables Database parameters controlling output power Uplink Receive sensitivity degraded due to hardware problems Obstruction of Rx antennae Antennae not aligned properly Broken / wrongly connected cables Lack of diversity gain
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Antenna Configuration
General points to check
antenna type, e.g.

omni directional 60, 90 or 120 degrees electrical downtilt cross-polarised coverage targets
antenna azimuth angle (for directional antennae)
antenna tilt angle
electrical + mechanical
e.g. space diversity, polarisation diversity
diversity & isolation

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Antenna Types - Typical Beam Patterns

Directional antenna
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Antenna Types - Typical Beam Patterns

Omni antenna with electrical downtilt
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Antenna Fine Tuning

Horizontal Plane:

Possible coverage weakness between sectors Interference reduction Traffic load distribution Interference reduction Possible coverage weakness in the short to medium distance range Traffic load distribution
Vertical Plane:

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Omni vs. Sectorised

OMNI cells - more difficult to optimise
Electrical downtilt possible, however
same for entire cell
Parameters same for entire cell narrower beam easier to control interference tilting less efficient with wider beams Sectorised cell site with different downtilt angles
Directional antennae

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Vertical Antenna Beam

High gain antennae with sharp vertical lobe
shadow under antenna

0
Ant. Effective height
In practice: For cluttered environments reflections often compensate
60 m
City
400 m
Solution:
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Add mechanical downtilt
Tilting
Antenna downtilt often used to minimise interference
Minimum: Vertical mail lobe pointing at cell edge
hBS
Maximum: First null angle pointing at cell edge
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Tilting
Electrical vs. Mechanical downtilt
0 Electrical
0 Mechanical
Advantages:

Better back lobe characteristics Better lower side lobe characteristics
Disadvantages:
A combination of mechanical / electrical downtilt may be used
Antennas are more expensive
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Tilting
No Tilt Down Tilted 4 degrees
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Antenna Diversity Type

Space diversity
Rx ant. 1 Rx ant. 2
Dual polarisation
Rx ant.
Typical > 10l
Horisontal / vertical

Cross polarised
vertical polarisation in general good performance requires extra antenna for diversity
mobile antenna normally not held vertically when signals are reflected polarisation change (vertical normally dominates) cross polarised preferred
good performance in urban areas easier installation
save one antenna
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Verification of RF Network Design

Site check
Site physical configuration evaluation

Site-to-site distances and distribution Special features for improving coverage Site database configuration evaluation

Tx power power control settings etc.
BTS
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Site Check
Verify that site is implemented according to plan
Check installation e.g.

antenna spacing (diversity, isolation) antennae in one sector are installed in the same plane antennae alignment omni antenna installation cable installation
Horisontal spacing
Rx Rx Tx
Omni
k1 k2
Tx
k2
Rx
Rxd
Vertical spacing
Antennas mounted in different planes
Alignment of antennas
k
Tx
a= max 15
a
a
Rx d
Tx d
Rxd d
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Antenna Isolation
Isolation by vertical or horizontal separation between two antennas K73316..
60 50 40 30 20 10 0
1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 2250 500 750
A
Horizontal Vertical
Isolation /dB
Horizontal
A
Spacing A/ mm
Source: Kathrein
Vertical
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Antenna Isolation
Isolation by vertical or horizontal separation between two antennas K73416..
Isolation /dB
60 40 20 0
1000 1150 1250 400 500 650 750 900
A
Horizontal Vertical
Horizontal
A
Spacing A/mm
Source: Kathrein
Vertical
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Site Physical Configuration

Antenna height
ideally sites within a given area classification should have similar heights if traffic distribution is uniform evaluate site height in terms of objective

macrocell / minicell / microcell limitation of interference clear obstructions
Antenna tilt / directions

avoid coverage gaps target priority areas limit interference sectorise omni cells?
Appropriate antenna types
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Site-to-Site Distances and Distribution

For an area of uniform structure / terrain / traffic
site-to-site distance should be uniform (assuming uniform site design)

coverage characteristics / requirements capacity requirements Downtown: High site density Suburban area: less dense Roads: Sites located along a line
Site distribution should reflect

Typical case

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Special Features for Improving Coverage

Microcell for indoor coverage outdoor coverage in high capacity areas Repeaters alternative to microcell where the traffic needs are low indoor outdoor road coverage coverage hole fill solution Other indoor coverage solutions distributed anteanne fibre optic repeater leaky cable HCS, e.g. large cells for car-coverage small cells for pedestrians
Micro - Cell Site -Location Macro - Cell Site -Location
Building Outlines
Building Outlines
Scale = 0.5 Km
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Cell splitting, Sectorisation

Change from large cells to small cells
Difficult , Expensive Mainly driven by capacity requirements Result: Improved indoor coverage
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DTM Check
DTM resolution
horisontal
macrocell (typical 50-100 m for roads, 50 m for small cities, 20 - 40 m for large cities) microcell (very high resolution, down to building level)
vertical - should be high
Source data
heights and clutter derived from paper maps clutter and / or vector updates by satellite photographs / aerial photos for metropolitan areas
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Propagation Model Verification

Wrong model wrong coverage prediction
In general, standard models have high performance

Highly specialised model may only be valid for a small area Model performance depends on accuracy of DTM To tune the model

field strength measurements check existing model against measurements modify model parameters
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Link Budget Analysis

Check for link budget imbalance
downlink
uplink
Coverage Problem - Unbalanced Up- and Downlink

Uplink Power Budget - Downlink Power Budget = 0! Link Power Budget is balanced!
d o w n lin k
P A o u tp u t p o w e r c o m b in e r lo s s c a b le lo s s d o w n lin k R x S e n sitiv ity M S
BTS
nc a la
ed
Bu er ow
dg
et
R x S e n sitiv ity B S
c a b le lo s s u p lin k
a n te n n a d iv e rs ity g a in
u p lin k
M S Peak Pow er
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Coverage Problem - Unbalanced Up- and Downlink
Uplink Power Budget - Downlink Power Budget 0! Link Power Budget is unbalanced!
RxLev/dBm -55,00
Caused by wrong assumption for

35% Coverage Loss @ 3dB!
-65,00 RxLev for Indoor Coverage(90%) Links balanced -75,00 3dB unbalanced
55% Coverage Loss @ 6 dB! 6dB unbalanced

-85,00 0,20 0,40 0,60 Distance from BTS in km 0,80
Receiver Sensitivity Diversity Gain Propagation Environment Link Balancing via Optimization of Diversity Tower mounted amplifier High power amplifier
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Increasing BS Output?
Unbalanced link budget Must be matched by higher BS TX power for balanced link budget -110 dBm
Uplink -107 dBm Downlink
Better BS Rx sensitivity or pre-amplifier
40 dBm
37 dBm
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Dropped Call Analysis

How to measure
drive tests

repeated call setups (preferred) continuous calls
OMC measurements lack of coverage interference problems handover problems lack of synchronisation in network problems with other parts of the network
Reasons for dropped calls

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Call Setup Analysis

How to measure
drive tests
repeated call setups
OMC measurements
Reasons for failed call setups
lack of coverage database problems

database inconsistencies parameter settings, e.g.

RXLEV_ACCESS_MIN, RACHBT, RACH_MAX_RETRANS cell reselection related parameters
network congestion
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MAXRETR
Slotted ALOHA mechanism: Several users may attempt to
access channel simultaneously

in case of collision new attempts are made MAXRETR: Maximum no. of retries allowed
BTS
MS
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E.g: MAXRETR = 2
Handover Performance Analysis

When moving from one cell to another (neighbour cells) handovers are
necessary
Too many neighbours
SIEMENS AG MON MAR15 15:18:41 SCALE 1:2500
Inaccurate handover decision
Handover Failure & Dropped Call
EqualPowerBoundary Mutual Neighbour Non-Mutual Neighbour Missing Neighbour Too many Neighbours
Missing Neighbour definition
Handover Failure
Dropped Call
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Handover Parameters
Objectives:
mobile should be connected to the bestcell avoid unnecessary handovers good speech quality less dropped calls
Consequence
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Consequence of Missing Neighbours

Defined neighbours Server Missing neighbour Interferer
f1
f1
Cell dragging
Missing neighbour cells
Congestion
Cell dragging
Poor RxQual
Poor RxLev
Interference
Exceeded distance
Poor PBGT
Dropped Calls
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Consequence of Many Neighbour Definitions

Only about 100 measurement samples are possible during one
measurement period for all defined neighbour cells

Number of BCCH carriers In BCCH Allocation 32 16 10 8 : Number of samples per Carrier in SACCH multiframe 3-4 6-7 10-11 12-13 :
(Rec. GSM 0508)
Too many neighbour cells Inaccurate signal level measurement False handover decisions Dropped Calls
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Problem: Sites with too large coverage area
Handover Measurements
Handover due to a better
cell
(RxLev_1 > RxLev_Full)
Handover due to bad
quality
Can also be analysed by statistics
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Handover Parameters
Fine-tuning of handover parameters
Moving cell boundaries in order to

Enhance success rate for critical handovers Minimise local interference at the cell edge Traffic load sharing between cells
Compared to other opimisation measures improvement potential is limited Affected by

Measurement averaging Power control parameters
PS! Neighbours should in general be mutual
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Radio Link Measurements

BTS measurements (Uplink):
Signal level Quality BS-MS distance (Interference levels in idle time slots)
BSC
UL DL Neighbour
MS
BTS
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MS measurements (Downlink)
Signal Level Quality Signal levels of neighbouring cells (BCCH)
BSC
Strongest 6 are reported to the Network
UL DL
Neighbour
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MS
BTS

BSC (In general)
Collects all data

BTS and MS send measurement reports every 480 ms Makes handover decisions
BSC
Siemens Network, BTS makes HO decisions
UL DL Neighbour
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MS
BTS

Radio link measurements averaging
BTS (BSC) receives measurement samples from BTS + MS
every SACCH-Multiframe (480ms,104 TDMA frames) averaging Window size (max.31) Window is cleared after call setup or handover
Gliding Window

32 27 23 29 29 21 19 22 23 21 Average value = 24
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F F S S F F F S S F
Measurement Values each SACCH Multiframe (0.48s)
32 27 23 29 29 21 19 22 23 21
32 32 27 27 23 29 29 29 21 21 Average value = 27
W_Lev_Full = 2 W_Lev_SUB = 1 Gliding Window = 5
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Handover Algorithm
Handover Decision
IRQUAL no LEV no DIST no
yes
Inter-cell HO due to Quality
yes PBGT no yes IAQUAL no
Inter-cell HO Power Budget
yes
Inter-cell HO due to Level
Intra-cell HO due to Quality
yes
Inter-cell HO due to Distance
No handover action
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Handover Criteria
Handover Region (due to quality and level)
Rx_Qual 7
Intercell HO due to quality Intracell HO due to Quality
L_Rx_Lev_XX_IH
L_Rx_Qual_XX_H
Intercell HO due to level
No handover action due to quality or level
0
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L_Rx_Lev_XX_H
63
Rx_Lev
Handover Decision
Handover Types Intercell HO due to Quality Decision Criteria 1. RXQUAL_XX > L_RXQUAL_XX_H 2. RXLEV_XX < L_RXLEV_XX_IH 3. XX_TXPWR = Min (XX_TXPWR_Max,P) HO due to Level 1. RXLEV_XX > L_RXLEV_XX_H 2. XX_TXPWR = Min(XX_TXPWR_Max,P) HO due to Distance 1. MS_BS_DIST > MS_Range_Max HO due to 1. RXLEV_NCELL(n) > RXLEV_MIN(n) Power Budget + Max (0,MS_TXPWR_MAX(n)-P) 2. PBGT(n) > HO_MARGIN(n) Intracell HO 1. RXQUAL_XX > L_RXQUAL_XX_H due to Quality 2. RXLEV_XX > L_RXLEV_XX_IH
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Intracell Handover
Stay within cell, change frequency / time slot situation
in general interference different on different timeslots change to a different cell may be unnecessary
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Interferer: f1 Sever: f1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
higher traffic load higher likelihood on other timeslots not effective with frequency hopping
parameter settings for intracell handover should be set to reduce such handovers
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Intracell Handover
Check for simultaneous occurrence of:

Poor quality (high Rx_Qual) Sufficient signal level
L_Rx_Lev_XX_IH
Rx_Qual
L_Rx_Lev_XX_IH
Intracell HO due to Quality
L_Rx_Qual_XX_H
L_Rx_Lev_XX_H
Rx_Lev
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Level Handovers
Adjacent cell not stronger than current cell + HO margin
Serving cell has insufficient coverage
emergency handover to cell with better coverage Rx_Lev
Server
HOMARGIN
HO_Threshold_Lev
neighbour
MinHOReqInt
Driven route
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Level Handovers
Receiver limit sensitivity L_RXLEV_XX_H (outgoing level HO) L_RXLEV_XX_IH (inter HO / intracell quality HO) RXLEV_MIN (incoming HO)
BTS
RXLEV_MIN threshold for cell to accept incoming handover L_RXLEV_XX_H threshold for initiating outgoing handover due to signal level relation with RXLEV_MIN will determine hysteresis L_RXLEV_XX_IH threshold for initiating inter / intracell quality HO
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Distance Handover
Maximum allowable BS-MS distance
Default: MS_Range_Max=61 (bits Timing Advance,TA)
Maximum value: 63, corresponding to 35 km
Enhanced by Extended Cell
Normally used in combination with other criteria, e.g.

cross-water propagation, elevated bridges etc.
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Power Budget Handover

Select cell with better signal level at given location
HO margin

Large enough to avoid ping-pong HO small enough to allow fast HO
BTS1
BTS2
Ping-Pong HO
1. RXLEV_NCELL(n) > RXLEV_MIN(n) + Max(0,MS_TXPWR_MAX(n)-P) 2. PBGT(n) = RXLEV_NCELL(n)-(RXLEV_DL+PWR_C_D) +Min(MS_TWPWR_MAX(n),P)-Min(MS_TXPWR_MAX(n),P) > HO_MARGIN(n)

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Cell Reselection
C1-criterion for cell access:
C1 = AV_RXLEV - RXLEV_ACCESS_MIN - MAX(0,MS_TXPWR_MAX_CCH-P) > 0
MS takes 5 samples of the received level on each RF carrier which
are averaged AV_RXLEV = 1/5 * (RXLEV1+RXLEV2++RXLEV5)
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Cell Reselection
For example:
DL
BTS MS
MS class 5 (GSM900) AV_RXLEV=-97 dBm
RXLEV_ACCESS_MIN = -100 dBm MS_TXPWR_MAX_CCH = 29 dBm (0.8W)

C1 = -97 - (-100) - Max(0,33-29) = -1
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Cell Reselection
For example:
DL
Operator A BTS

MS class 5 (GSM900)
DL
Operator B BTS
RXLEV_ACCESS_MIN = -100 dBm MS_TXPWR_MAX_CCH = 33 dBm (2W)
MS
RXLEV_ACCESS_MIN = -110 dBm MS_TXPWR_MAX_CCH = 33 dBm (2W)
MS receives signal from Operator A and B = -90 dBm Operator A Operator B C1 = -90 - (-110) - Max(0,33-29) = +16 C1 = -90 - (-100) - Max(0,33-29) = +6
3
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Cell Reselection
C1 criteria
Same Location Area
C1 (neighbour cell) > C1 (serving cell) C1 (neighbour cell) > C1 (serving cell) + Cell_Reselect_Hysteresis High power class MS Low power class MS Cell_Reselect_Hysteresis
Different Location Area
C1
BTS1
BTS2
ICN PLM CA NP
Speech Quality Analysis

Parameters RxQual Frame Erasure Rate (FER) Speech Quality Index (SQI) Measurements Drive test
Causes of interference co-channel interference adjacent channel interference intermodulation
mainly on one link only
multipath interference
preferably continuous call

Interfering cell of base station within GSM network
OMC statistics
Cause for poor quality low signal strength (coverage related interference low signal strength and interference
ICN PLM CA NP
Base station within GSM Network
Downlink Interference Measurement

Typical requirement
speech: RxQual 4 data: RxQual 3

BER % 0.0 - 0.2 0.2 - 0.4 0.4 - 0.8 0.8 - 1.6 1.6 - 3.2 3.2 - 6.4 6.4 - 12.8 > 12.8 RxQual 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
With frequency hopping: RxQual not a valid parameter

ICN PLM CA NP
Frequency Changes
Sometimes necessary to minimise interference
As network reaches capacity limit this becomes difficult
Other frequencies may be affected by the change Choice: Whichever happens to be easier to change
Can be done at either interfering cell or victim cell
Existing plan may be entered into planning tool as
constraints
search for optimum frequency allocation for a given cell
At a certain point the whole network e.g. in a city may have to
be re-planned
ICN PLM CA NP
Frequency Changes
BCCH/TCH swapping
Method sometimes used: Alternate between clusters
BCCH: 794
BCCH: 794 TCH:797
BCCH: 794
BCCH: 797 TCH:794
before Effectiveness depends on TCH traffic load BCCH / TCH sub-bands are mixed Could be used as a temporary measure
after
while traffic load is low
ICN PLM CA NP
BSIC Optimisation
Base Station Identity Codes
Used by the MS to distinguish between cells using the same frequency
Co-Channel cells must have different BSICs
f9 f9
f9
ICN PLM CA NP
Call Setup/Handover Mechanisms

20-25 dB street corner loss: Fast handovers required

Micro-micro Micro-macro
Fast measurement averaging Carefully tuned handover thresholds Small handover margins Short penalty timers
ICN PLM CA NP
Location Area Codes

Purpose
identify location area in incoming call is paged to all BTSs within LA

advantage: less location updates (reduced SDCCH load) disadvantage: more paging traffic
Large location area

Boundaries should not cross high traffic areas Cell reselection across LA boundaries
Parameter Cell_Reselect_Hysteresis (typ. 4 dB) used to avoid unnecessary signalling due to ping-pong cell reselections
ICN PLM CA NP
Interference Reduction
Power Control
Frequency Hopping Discontinuous Transmission DTX
ICN PLM CA NP
Power Control
Quality-triggered PC
e.g. L_RXQUAL_XX_P = 4
Triggers a power increase at poor quality Triggers a power reduction at good quality Virtually disabled by setting to highest RXQUAL value Level criterion is more suitable for power reduction
e.g. U_RXQUAL_XX_P = 1

Level-triggered PC
e.g. L_RXLEV_XX_P = 25 (-85 dBm)
Triggers a power increase at bad level Triggers a power reduction at good level
e.g. U_RXQUAL_XX_P = 35 (-75 dBm)
ICN PLM CA NP
Power Control
RXQUAL
Power Increase (bad quality) L_RXQUAL_XX_P Power Increase (bad level) Power Decrease (Good Level)
L_RXQUAL_XX_P
Power Decrease (good quality)
RXLEV
L_RXLEV_XX_P U_RXLEV_XX_P 2*POW_RED_STEP_SIZE
ICN PLM CA NP
Frequency Hopping
Cyclic / Pseudo Random hopping
Baseband / Synthesized hopping
0 BCCH
0 1 5
SDCCH Call 1 Call 2
f1 f2 f3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 TDMA frame (8 time slots)
ICN PLM CA NP
Frequency Hopping
0 BCCH
0
SDCCH Call 1 Call 2
f1 f2 f3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
ICN PLM CA NP
Frequency Hopping
0 BCCH
0 1 5
SDCCH Call 1 Call 2
f1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
f2,f3,f4,f5,f6,f7 f2,f3,f4,f5,f6,f7
f6 f3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
f7
f4

ICN PLM CA NP
DTX
Goal: Reduce speech data rate from 13 kbps (user speaking) to
500 bps (enough to encode background noise)

reduce MS power consumption reduce the interference in a cell DTXUL -> 0 : MS may use DTX (If possible) 1 : MS shall use DTX 2 : MS shall not use DTX FALSE : downlink DTX disabled at BTS TRUE : downlink DTX enabled at BTS
SBS parameter for DTX / VAS administration
DTXDL ->
PS! No gain for data communications

ICN PLM CA NP
Channel Configuration
Channel Type TCHFULL MAINBCCH MBCCHC SDCCH TCHF&HLF* BCBCH* SCBCH* CCCH*
Channel Combination TCH/F + FACCH/F + SACCH/F FCCH + SCH + BCCH + CCCH (AGCH+PCH+RACH) FCCH + SCH + BCCH + CCCH + 4 (SDCCH+SACCH) 8 (SDCCH + SACCH) TCH/H(0) + FACCH/H (0) + SACCH/H(0) + TCH/H(1) FCCH + SCH + BCCH + CCCH + 3 (SDCCH+SACCH) + CBCH 7 (SDCCH + SACCH) + CBCH BCCH + CCCH
For example,
Note: * in SBS BR 3.0
1TRX : TS0 -> BCBCH TS1-7 -> TCHFULL 2 TRXs : TRX0, TS0 -> MAINBCCH TRX0, TS1 -> SCBCH TRX0, TS2-7 -> TCHFULL TRX1, TS0-7 -> TCHFULL
ICN PLM CA NP
Capacity Enhancements
Easy approach: Add TRXs
Problem: No more frequencies:
Options

Traffic load distribution Interference optimisation features: FH, PC, DTX Sectorisation: Increasing cell density Cell splitting: Increasing site density HCS
Dual band operation (e.g. GSM900/DCS1800) Dual mode operation (e.g. GSM900/DECT) Underlay / Overlay Overlaid micro- and picocells

ICN PLM CA NP
Half rate coding Migration to 3rd Generation Systems

Adding TRX
Congested cells found by OMC measurements
Sec TRX GOS 2% Week1 Week2 Week3 Week4 Week5 Week6 Week7 BTS1 1 3 14.9 10.53 9.66 10.21 9.88 10.54 9.97 10.37 BTS2 2 2 8.2 7.43 7.26 7.59 6.98 7.55 8.02 8.33 BTS3 3 3 14.9 11.92 11.4 12.12 11.82 11.75 12.02 12.15
Sector 2 will experience congestion Sometimes percentage limit, e.g. 80%, of full load defined
Sector 3 is near that limit
Possible limitations of TRX extensions:
Need for changed hardware configuration costly
e.g. new BTS rack needed
Frequency Spectrum limited

ICN PLM CA NP
Interference Reduction Features

Frequency Hopping (FH) Dynamic Power Control (PC) Discontinuous Transmission (DTX)
allow tighter frequency re-us

(already considered for 40-60 Erl./km2 in macrocell layer with 5 to 10 MHz)
3No additional sites or frequencies required 3Available, stable 3Implementation causes no disturbance of
network operation
7Little or no effect if available spectrum is very

limited (BCCH limitations)
ICN PLM CA NP
Traffic Load Distribution

Traffic in a cell related to cell coverage area
If sufficient overlap between cells:
reduce traffic by changing cell boundary
antenna downtilt reduce power (PWRRED) alter handover boundaries
Usually a temporary solution only
Default HO boundaries Changed HO boundaries
ICN PLM CA NP
Call Setup/handover mechanisms

Relieve macrocells from traffic
Umbrella type handover into microcells Directed retry
Allows call setup In second-best server, shares traffic resources between layers
ICN PLM CA NP
Hierarchical Cell Structures

Underlay/Overlay
Umbrella cells: Dominant site with large coverage area
low traffic - fast mobiles normal traffic cover small high traffic areas
P I C C E L Ls
Macrocells: Antenna above average rooftop level
Microcell: Antenna below average rooftop level
Picocell: Antenna
Indoor coverage Outdoor Installatio n
Hotspot
usually indoors
Parking lot
coverage to building or parts thereof - e.g. Business users
Contiguous M icrocellular Coverage
Subway Coverage Extension
ICN PLM CA NP
Concentric cells
C/I = 17 dB C/I = 0 dB C/I = 17 dB
f3
f1
f2
f3
Inner cell can use 1 x 3 reuse pattern

Special handover mechanisms between layers Limited gains for uniform traffic distribution
ICN PLM CA NP
Overlaid Micro- and Picocells

The smallest cells should absorb most of the traffic in their
coverage area Larger cells for fast moving mobiles / areas not covered by small cells
Macrocells
Microcells
Picocells
ICN PLM CA NP
Microcell Frequency Planning

Different resolutions required for different layers
flexibility of planning tool needed

Reduce complexity of frequency optimisation task Guard band may be needed to avoid adjacent channel interference reduce macrocell traffic determine mobile speed Fast handovers
Dedicated frequency bands for different layers

Call Setup/handover strategy

Serving BTS
Loss around street corner: 20 dB!

Micro BTS
ICN PLM CA NP
Speed Sensitive Handovers

Mechanisms to separate fast from slow mobiles
mobile class
today mostly same class is used (e.g. GSM900 class 4)
measurement of the timing advance delta
only works for direction away from site

try to keep handovers within same layer unless speed change
cell type
mean time between handovers
ICN PLM CA NP
Half Rate Coding / Dual Rate Operation

Has potential to double network capacity
Advantages:

No additional sites / frequencies required Minimum investment for infrastructure upgrade Speech quality degradation (reduction of speech bit rate from 13 kb/s to 6.5 kb/s)
Especially mobile-to-mobile calls
Disadvantage:
Gain depends on ratio full rate users / half rate users / data traffic
ICN PLM CA NP
Cell Parameter Optimisation

Default parameter sets:
PS! Standard setting suitable for most cases Starting point for possible optimisation, however
more relevant after other optimisation activities
Different parameter standards may be used for
different area types BTS types etc.
Danger
many parameters easy to lose overview

inconsistencies deterioration of quality
ICN PLM CA NP
Possible Network Optimisation Measures

Effect
Overlaid microcells Dual band Underlay/ Overlay HR Sectorisation Frequency Changes Fine tuning of antenna orientation and tilt Adding TRX Repeaters Preamps Cell spiltting Dual mode
FH, PC, DTX
Cell parameter setting
Cost, Effort
ICN PLM CA NP
Increasing Network Capacity

The relationship between quality and capacity
In a congested network, quality can deteriorate very quickly:

Congestion
Extended call setup times Interference/ Noise Unavailability of service Dropped call Poor speech quality
Violation of all 4 basic quality criteria

ICN PLM CA NP

Radio Network Optimisation: Icn PLM Ca NP

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Radio Network Optimisation

SIEMENS Limited 1999

SIEMENS Limited 1999

Main Topics (continued)

SIEMENS Limited 1999

What is Network Optimisation?

existing Network Infrastructure

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Performance degradation by interference

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Aim of Network Optimisation

Improved Network Availability

Optimised utilisation of installed equipment

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Advantages for the Customer

resources Minimized costs

One step ahead of the Competitors

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Planning vs. Optimising

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Major Problem Areas

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Radio Optimisation Related Processes

The following processes involve optimisation related activities

drive tests adjustment of network parameters

Acceptance tests Ongoing Optimisation

Repeated quality control and improvement as network grows / matures

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Repeat Process until Agreed Quality

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height, orientation and tilt

Basic cell parameters and functions

Test measurement (TEMS etc. together with a GPS)

Signal Strength Co-channel and adjacent interference Handover relations

Change Request and Action

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Test Routes Test Procedure Test Duration Acceptance Criteria

Coverage Criteria Coverage Area Successful Call

Test Condition Test Equipment Test Methodology

Signal Level Signal Quality Handover Call Success Rate

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Repeat process until agreed quality

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Pre-analysis: General Network Check

Determine the network element configuration, e.g.

Visit selected sites (if necessary) Database analysis

Customer Complaints Analysis

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Collect / Analyse OMC Statistics

Advantages over test drives:

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Collect / Analyse OMC Statistics

Network must have minimum load for reliable statistics

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Collect / Analyse Drive Test Measurements

Serving signal level BER (Rxqual) Channel Number CI and LAI

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check for spectrum

check for BCCH with no neighbour relations

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Repeated Call Setups