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Basic Concept
bending or direct forces (either tensile or compressive) or, a combination of bending and direct force.
Design
the moments, the forces, and other effects on the member. (temperature etc)
Efficient Design
An efficiently designed structure is one in which the members are arranged in such a way that the weight, loads and forces are transmitted to the foundations by the cheapest means consistent with the intended use of the structure. Experience and good judgment are as important for safe and economical structures as calculations. Complex mathematics should not be allowed to confuse the sense of good engineering. Same degree of accuracy should be maintained throughout the calculations.
Design Codes
Structural Design is controlled by codes, even within such bounds, the designer must exercise judgment in his interpretation of the requirements.
Building code requirements for structural concrete (ACI318-11). Uniform Building Code (UBC) International Building Code (IBC) Building Code of Pakistan.
Economical Structure
In beams and slabs much of concrete is in tension and therefore neglected in the calculations, it is economical to use lean concrete than a rich one. In columns, where all the concrete is in compression, the use of rich concrete is more economical. The use of steel in compression is always uneconomical.
Drawings
All drawings for one contact, the same conventions are adopted and uniformity of appearance and size should be aimed at, thereby making the drawings easier to read. The scales adopted should be commensurate with the amount of detail to be shown. In reinforced concrete details the outline of concrete is to be indicated by a thin line and to show the reinforcement by bold lines. Notes on drawings should be concise and free from ambiguity in meanings.
WOMEN DEV\GENERAL NOTES.dwg
Safety Factors
Ratio of the greatest load that a structure can carry to the actual loading for which it has been designed. CP114:
ACI Code:
Characteristic Loads
Dead Loads (DL) Imposed/Live Loads (LL) Wind Forces Seismic Forces
Types Of Structures
Load Bearing Masonry Structure R.C.C Frame Structure Steel Structures Precast Structures Water Retaining Structures
1. Masonry Structures
Masonry/Spread Foundation
LOAD CALCULATION
SELF WEIGHT (5, 6, 7) FLOOR FINISH (BB 3 + PCC 2) CEILING FINISH (1/2) LIVE LOAD (30 psf TO SAY 100psf) ref. ubc
1:3 c/s 125 Psi 1:4 c/s 100 Psi 1:6 c/s 70 Psi
Stress =load / unit area
Slab Design
Minimum thickness Simply supported =l/20 One end cont. =L/24 Both end cont. =L/28 Cantilever =L/10 (Table 8.1 winter Nilson) Moment= WL^2/8, WL^2/10, WL^2/12 Three variables Load (DL, & LL) :for LL ref ubc/ibc/any design hand book SPANS (SHORT & LONG) END CONDTION (CONT., DISCONTINUOUS)
(coefficents for +ve & -ve moments Table 8.3 winter Nilson)
Beams Design
Loading Bending moment Shear force Design of concrete section (12x18) Flexure reinforcement (6#6 bars) Shear reinforcement (#3rings @6c/c)
INPUT
Foundations
1.
2.
Strap footing
3. 4. 5.
Foundation Design
Geotechnical design
Structural design
1.
Adequate section
2.
Reinforcement
Column Design
1.
Stress = P/A
Stress = P/A + MX/ZX Stress = P/A + MX/ZX + MY/ZY
2.
3.