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THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM

Kiagus Muhammad Arsyad


Guru Besar Biologi Kedokteran dan Andrologi

Fakultas Kedokteran UNSRI

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
STUDENT BE ABLE TO KNOW AND
UNDERSTANDS TO: 1. HUMAN EXCRETORY ORGAN

2. THE FUNCTION OF EXCRETORY SYSTEM 3. THE WASTE PRODUCTS OF HUMAN BODY METABOLISM

LEARNING CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION 2. HUMAN EXRCRETORY ORGANS 3. CONCLUSION

1. INTRODUCTION
Metabolic activities of cells create water and
carbon dioxide as waste products. As the cells utilize sugars, fats and proteins, nitrogen, sulphur and phosphorous are stripped from macromolecules in preparation for energy conversion. As the by-products are continually produced, a steep concentration gradient across the plasma membrane is established. This results in waste diffusing into the extracellular fluid.

1. INTRODUCTION
Excretory System Functions :
1. Collect water and filter body fluids. 2. Remove and concentrate waste products from

3.

body fluids and return other substances to body fluids as necessary for homeostasis. Eliminate excretory products from the body.

1. INTRODUCTION
Regulation of Extracellular Fluids : The chemical makeup of the extracellular fluid is
regulated by the excretory system. Composed of the kidneys, liver, lungs and skin in vertebrates, the excretory system removes the waste products of metabolism to maintain the water, salt and nutrient concentration levels in bodily fluids. Not all animals use the same routes or excrete their wastes the same way humans do. Excretion applies to metabolic waste products that cross a plasma membrane. Elimination is the removal of feces

1. INTRODUCTION
Major Metabolic Wastes:

1. Water : a by product of dehydration

synthesis & respiration 2. carbon dioxide: a by product of cellular respiration 3. Salts : a by product of Neutralization 4. Urea: a by product of protein metabolism, deamination

1. INTRODUCTION
dehydration synthesis = reactions in which

small molecules are combined to form large molecules cellular respiration = chemical reaction that releases energy from organic molecules (usually glucose) neutralization = reactions between acids & bases deamination = removal of amino groups from protein molecules

2. HUMAN EXCRETORY ORGANS


Human excretory organ consist of :

1. 2. 3. 4.

The Skin The Lung The liver The Urinary System

2.1. THE SKIN


What is skin in latin language ? What is the skin function? How many layers of the skin? What are gland in the skin? What nutrition needed to keep healthy
skin? What tissues composed the skin?

2.1. THE SKIN


The skin is another way in which your body can

rid itself of metabolic waste. sweat is a combination of water, salt and urea. Therefore, as you sweat you are not only cooling down through the process of evaporation, you are also excreting waste products. Self Learning : Histology of the skin

2.2. The Lung


What is lung in latin language ? What is the lung function? How many lobes of the lung? What epithelium composed the alveoli of

the lung? What kind of diseases which can affected of the lung function?

2.2. The Lung


The energy, in the form of ATP, needed for

metabolic activities is produced through cellular respiration as the cells utilize sugars. The waste that is produced as a by-product is carbon dioxide and must be removed from the body. As the carbon dioxide accumulates in the cells, it diffuses into the bloodstream. The blood carries the waste to the lungs, which in turn diffuses into the tiny air sacs called alveoli. We eliminate the carbon dioxide, along with some water vapor, when we exhale.

2.3. The Liver


What is liver in latin language ? What is the liver function? Where is the liver in human body ? How many lobes of the liver? What epithelium composed the histolgy of
the liver? What kind of diseases which can affected of the liver function?

2.3. The Liver


The liver, the largest organ in our body,
has many functions. It plays important roles not only in the excretory system, but also in the digestive and circulatory systems.

2.3.1. The Liver


Excretory Function : Some proteins & other nitrogenous

compounds are broken down in the liver by a process called deamination. As a result of these reactions, a nitrogenous waste called urea is formed.

2.3.2. The Liver


Digestive Function: The liver produces bile, which is

temporarily stored in the gall bladder before being released into the small intestine where it helps "emulsify" (break down) lipid molecules.

2.3.3. The Liver


Circulatory System : The liver removes & breaksdown old red blood cells. It is also responsible for maintaining "normal" levels of

glucose in the blood. When stimulated by insulin, the liver removes glucose form the blood & converts it to glycogen for storage. When stimulated by the hormone glucagon, the liver does the opposite: it breaks down glycogen, producing glucose, which is released into the bloodstream. The liver is also responsible for removing potentially hazardous chemicals from the blood. It "detoxifies" the blood. For this reason, alcoholics and other types of addicts have a higher incidence of liver disease.

2.2. The Urinary System


What is the urinary system in latin
language ? What is the urinary system? What organs composed the urinary system? What kind of diseases which can affected of the urinary system?

2.4. The Urinary System

2.4. The Urinary System


The nephron is the functional unit of the

kidneys. The kidneys are a part of the urinary system which is also composed of the ureters, bladder and urethra. The kidneys filter the blood and collect urine. The urine exits the kidneys via the ureters and is stored in the bladder until elimination. The urine leaves the body through the urethra. A more detailed animation of the Urinary system will be conducted in future

4.1. Kidneys
The human kidneys are the major organs of
bodily excretion (see Figure 1 ). They are beanshaped organs located on either side of the backbone at about the level of the stomach and liver. Blood enters the kidneys through renal arteries and leaves through renal veins. Tubes called ureters carry waste products from the kidneys to the urinary bladder for storage or for release.

4.1. Kidneys
The product of the kidneys is urine, a watery
solution of waste products, salts, organic compounds, and two important nitrogen compounds: uric acid and urea. Uric acid results from nucleic acid decomposition, and urea results from amino acid breakdown in the liver. Both of these nitrogen products can be poisonous to the body and must be removed in the urine.

4.2. Nephron
The functional and structural unit of the
kidney is the nephron. The nephron produces urine and is the primary unit of homeostasis in the body.

4.3. Control of kidney function


The activity of the nephron in the kidney
is controlled by a person's choices and environment as well as hormones. For example, if a person consumes large amounts of protein, much urea will be in the blood from the digestion of the protein. Also, on a hot day, a body will retain water for sweating and cooling, so the amount of urine is reduced.

4.3. Control of kidney function


Humans produce a hormone called
antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as vasopressin, which is secreted by the

posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. It regulates the amount of urine by controlling the rate of water absorption in the nephron tubules.

4.3. Control of kidney function


Some individuals suffer from a condition in which they
secrete very low levels of ADH. The result is excessive urination and a disease called diabetes insipidus. Another unrelated form of diabetes, diabetes mellitus, is more widespread. Persons with this disease produce insufficient levels of insulin. Insulin normally transports glucose molecules into the cells. But when insulin is not available, the glucose remains in the bloodstream. The glucose is removed from the bloodstream in the nephron; to dilute the glucose, the nephron removes large amounts of water from the blood. Thus, the urine tends to be plentiful.

4.3. Control of kidney function


Hormones from the cortex of the adrenal
glands also control the content of urine. These hormones promote reabsorption of sodium and chloride ions in the tubules. Thus, they affect the water balance in the body, because water flows in the direction of high sodium and chloride content.

3. CONCLUSION
Food
Metabolic process Wastes

Food Cycle Homeostasis

Energy

excretory organ

Balance > Normal Imbalance >Abnormal

3. CONCLUSION

Excretory System Functions :

1. collect water and filter body fluids, 2. Remove and concentrate waste products from

3.

body fluids and return other substances to body fluids as necessary for homeostasis. Eliminate excretory products from the body.

REFERENCES :
1. Sylvia S. Mader, Human Biology 8th Edition, Mc
2. 3. 4.
Graw Hill Higher Education, Boston, 2004 Ganong Textbook of Physiology Wilkipedia encyclopedia Kanagasubheram,R., Sivanandasingham,P. ,Krishnamurti,A., Anatomy, Regional, Functional and Clinical, PG Publishing, Singapore, 1987

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