Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
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Dipresentasikan Oleh : Annisa Yulian 1006706132 Johannes L Sasiang 1006706252 Karina Octavia Viriyo 1006706284 Yusra Yuliana 1106139935
Generating Concept
Sources of Ideas Collecting The Ideas New Ideas Concept Combining Existing Ideas and New Ideas
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Sources of Ideas
Consumers These ideas come from the answer or our questioners that we got before to gain the consumers need for our Anti-Cholesterol Drug Made from Herbs. Literatures Literatures such as patents, books, and journals are used to give us some information about current product and how do we need to do to make our product have the best performance. Product experts Product experts are the lecturer and their assistant who have some experience in chemical product design. They give us some advices to generate the best performance product design.
To generate the ideas we need to clarify the problem of out chemical product design. First, break the problem into some sub-problems.
2. Made from Herbs Some problems that would come up from this sub-problem are:
What is the meaning of herbs? Mention some herbs that can lower cholesterol level! What substance that is contained in herbs which can lower cholesterol level? What are additional functions of herbs in anti-cholesterol drug?
What are the side effects by consuming anti-cholesterol drug which is not made from herbs?
Sleepy Palpitation Kidney damage Nausea Low bioavailability Liver damage
Pro-Lestor
Pro-Lestor is the example of cholesterol-lowering drug that made from herbs. Observation of this existing product was mostly done by visualized analysis since there was still not much article or patent that discuss about this product. Pro-Lestor are available in form of tea wrapped in paper bags and packed in plastic transparent bottle. Pro-Lestor contain 100% percent of herbs, such as Guazuma Ulmifolia Folium, Syzygium Polyantum Folium, Andrographis Paniculata Folium, Persea Americana Folium, Camellia Sinesis Folium.
CONCEPT SELECTION
Concept Screening Concept Scoring
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Concept Selection
The purpose of this concept selection step is to find some feasible and best concept idea to proceed in chemical product design will be made. Concept selection is a step to evaluate all of the concept ideas that have been collected in previews chapter. There are two steps to selecting one concept idea, including concept screening and concept scoring.
Concept Selection
Concept Screening
1. Bioavailability
Bioavailability is a pharmacokinetic term that describes the rate and extent to which the active drug ingredient is absorbed from a drug product and becomes available at the site of drug action. Thus, bioavailability is concerned with how quickly and how much of a drug appears in the blood after a specific dose is administered. The bioavailability of a drug product often determines the therapeutic efficacy of that product since it affects the onset, intensity and duration of therapeutic response of the drug.
2. Pharmacodynamic
Pharmacodynamics refers to the relationship between drug concentration at the site of action and the resulting effect, including the time course and intensity of therapeutic and adverse effects. The effect of a drug present at the site of action is determined by that drugs binding with a receptor. For most drugs, the concentration at the site of the receptor determines the intensity of a drugs effect. However, other factors affect drug response as well.
Concept Screening
3. Pharmacokinetic
Pharmacokinetics is currently dened as the study of the time course of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. A drugs effect is often related to its concentration at the site of action, so it would be useful to monitor this concentration. Obviously we cannot directly sample drug concentration in this tissue. However, we can measure drug concentration in the blood or plasma, urine, saliva, and other easily sampled fluids.
Concept Screening
In addition of drug performance in human body, some criteria to screen the concept ideas are based on ingredients that are already chosen. Olive Oil Olive oil contains antioxidants that can lower LDL cholesterol without affecting HDL cholesterol is good for health. Olive oil can be used instead of vegetable or cooking oil instead of butter for meat splatter. Some studies have suggested using extra-virgin olive oil, which means that the oil does not go through a lot of the production process and contains more healthy antioxidants.
Red Yeast Rice Red yeast rice or usually called as angkak contain monakolin K which is identical to lovastatin (chemical substance that can lowering cholesterol level in blood by inhibit HMG Ko A). This mechanism of lowering cholesterol level has been described previously. Red yeast rice also contains water soluble fiber and unsaturated fatty acid that can absorb fats.
Concept Screening
Coconut Oil Coconut oil consists of medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) or medium-chain triglycerides (MCT). MCT quickly burned and can even convert stored fat into energy in the body, leading to weight loss or reduction of cholesterol levels. Avocado Fats from avocado are not dangerous because it is in monounsaturated fat. This type of fat can increase good cholesterol (HDL = High Density Lipoprotein) and lower levels of triglycerides in the blood, in addition to fat avocado can also keep the body from the damaging effects of bad cholesterol (LDL = Low Density Lipoprotein). Avocado also contains vitamin A, B complex, C and E. Peanut Skins Peanut skin contains a phytosterol that it can lower cholesterol and triglyceride levels, by restraining the absorption of cholesterol from food is circulated in the blood and reduce the re-absorption of cholesterol from the liver, and maintains HDL cholesterol.
Concept Screening
Table VI.1. Concept Screening Matrix
No Criteria Referene Concept (11) 1 2 3 4 Easy to make Easy to packaging Easy to use 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 + + 0 + + + 0 + 0 + + 0 0 0 0 + 0 0 + + 0 + 0 0 + 0 + 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Pharmacodynamic 5 Pharmacokinetic 6 Bioavailability 7 Cost Total + Total Total 0 Total Rank Yes/No
0 0 0 0 0 7 0 -
0 0 0 0 0 7 0 7 No
0 0 0 2 0 5 +2 3 Yes
+ 4 3 0 +1 5 No
+ + 4 1 2 +3 1 Yes
+ + 3 1 3 +2 3 Yes
0 + 0 2 1 4 +1 5 No
0 + 3 1 3 +2 3 Yes
+ 0 2 2 3 0 7 No
+ 0 3 2 2 +1 5 No
+ 1 4 2 -2 10 No
Concept Screening
Table VI.2. List of Concepts
Concept Form How to Use Packaging
Reference 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Tablet Tablet Coating tablet Solid gazette Guttea Pasta Kapsul Softgel Granule Granule Tea
Drink with water Drink with water Drink with water Sucked like candy Dripped into the mouth Sucked like candy Drink with water Drink with water Dissolved in water Sprinkled over food Boiled in water
Wrapped in aluminum Wrapped in aluminum In the bottle In the small box In the bottle In the bottle Wrapped in aluminum In the bottle Wrapped in aluminum Wrapped in aluminum In the filter paper
Concept Screening
Sign + : indicates that the concept of the idea of "better" than the reference concept. Sign : indicates that the concept of the idea of "worse" than referenca concept. Signs 0 : indicates that the concept of the idea of "as good as" referenca concept.
Concept Scoring
Easy to make, percentage = 10%
Easy to make is one of industrial needed which will always exist in every criteria of concept selection. This criteria selection is considering the relation of drug dosage form and ingredients of drugs, and also contains benchmarking with the reference concept.
Concept Scoring
Pharmacodynamic, percentage = 10% Pharmacokinetic, percentage = 5% Bioavailability, percentage = 15% Packaging cost, percentage = 5% Manufacture cost, percentage = 10% Resistance to contaminant, percentage = 7.5% Resistance to temperature, percentage = 7.5% Resistance to humidity, percentage = 5%
After mention the criteria with their scoring percentage that will be used to evaluate som qualify concept, now arrange the concept scoring matrix with value of scoring: 1 : very bad 2 : bad 3 : equal 4 : good 5 : very good Below will be a concept scoring matrix for some qualify concept from concept screening before:
Concept Scoring
Table VI.3. Concept Scoring Matrix
No Criteria Percentage Rating 2 Score Rating 4 Score Rating 5 Score Rating 7 Score
1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Easy to make
Easy to packaging Easy to use Pharmacodynamic Pharmacokinetic Bioavailability Packaging cost Manufacture cost Resistance to contaminant Resistance to temperature Resistance to humidity Total Rank
10%
10% 15% 10% 5% 15% 5% 10% 7.50% 7.50% 5% 1
4
3 3 5 5 4 3 2 4 3 3
0.4
0.3 0.45 0.5 0.25 0.6 0.15 0.2 0.3 0.225 0.15 3.525 3
4
4 5 4 5 5 4 2 4 3 3
0.4
0.4 0.75 0.4 0.25 0.75 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.225 0.15 4.025 1
2
3 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
0.2
0.3 0.6 0.3 0.15 0.45 0.15 0.3 0.225 0.225 0.15 3.05 4
3
5 3 5 5 5 2 2 5 4 4
0.3
0.5 0.45 0.5 0.25 0.75 0.1 0.2 0.375 0.3 0.2 3.925 2
Concept Scoring
Table VI.4. List of Qualified Concept
Concept Reference 2 4 5 7 Tablet Coating tablet Guttea Pasta Softgel Form How to Use Drink with water Drink with water Dripped into the mouth Sucked like candy Drink with water Packaging Wrapped in aluminum In the bottle In the bottle In the bottle In the bottle
Concept Testing
This concept testing proving that selected concept product can be accepted by people and give some critics or advice to improve our product according to people needs.
Concept Testing
Seven steps in concept testing 1. Decide the purpose of concept testing
The purpose of this concept testing is to know consumers respond for selected concept product whether in accordance with consumers needs. And also to analyze and estimate the product capacity need to be produced.
Concept Testing
4. Communicating concept product
Our concept product is communicated by in a form of verbal description. Our product description, information and some questions are including in this verbal description. This verbal description is made into a brochure that can be spread to many people. Communicating our concept product is have to be done in good, clear and easy to understand language to attract the consumers to read and give some responds.
Concept Testing
6. Result interpretation
The result of observation above is interpreted to a pie chart form to facilitate understanding. The pie chart of observation result is shown below.
48%
Concept Testing
7. Data analysis
From the result of concept testing, 16% from respondent say that they will definitely buy our product, 48% may buy, 28% hesitant to buy but there are 8% of respondent who will not buy our product. Several reasons why the respondent dont want to buy our product is because they feel that they dont need this product due to their paradigm that they dont want to consume any drug.
Conclusion
There are 5 steps to generate some concept ideas of our product, they are:
Step 1: Problem Decomposition Step 2: Existing Ideas Concept Step 3: New Ideas Concept Step 4: Combining Existing Ideas and New Ideas Step 5: Look Back The Ideas To Problem Decomposition
There are 3 steps to select the best concept product, they are:
Step 1: Concept Screening Step 2: Concept Scoring Step 3: Concept Testing
Our selected concept product for Anti-Cholesterol Drug Made From Herbs is oral guttae (drop) drug.
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