Application of Fiber Optic Technology

Application

in communication systems Application in Local Area Network (LAN) Application in Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) & Wide Area Network

Application in Communication Systems

Systems - well establish in CATV and SATCOM * CATV (Cable TV/Community Attenna TV) * This system used fiber-optic cable for the trunk cables that carry signals from the CATV head-end to neighborhoods. The head-end is where the cable system receives programming from various sources, assigns the programming to channels and retransmits it onto cables.
Analog

*By the late 1970s, fiber optics had progressed considerably

and so were a cost-effective means of carrying CATV signals over long distances.

*The great advantage of fiber-optic cable is that it doesn't suffer the same signal losses as coaxial cable, which eliminated the need for so many amplifiers. *In the early fiber-optic cable systems, the number of amplifiers between head-end and customer was reduced from 30 or 40 down to around six.
*In systems implemented since 1988, the number of amplifiers has been further reduced, to the point that only one or two amplifiers are required for most customers. Decreasing the number of amplifiers made dramatic improvements in signal quality and system reliability.

SATCOM (Satellite Communication)

Particular

wireless communication systems Systems of wireless on radio/TV broadcasting/mobile/cordless telephone rely on a network of ground-based transmitters and receivers. They are commonly referred to as 'terrestrial' systems as opposed to satellite systems which are the transmitters is not based on the ground but in the sky: the transmitter here consists of a ground-based part called the uplink, and the satellite-based part that 'reflects' the signals towards the receivers. This part is called the transponder.

Digital System
Modern

fiber-optic communication systems generally include an optical transmitter to convert an electrical signal into an optical signal to send into the optical fiber, a cable containing bundles of multiple optical fibers that is routed through underground conduits and buildings, multiple kinds of amplifiers, and an optical receiver to recover the signal as an electrical signal. The information transmitted is typically digital information generated by computers, telephone systems, and cable television companies.

Undersea Cable
Advantages Of Fiber Optics Longer transmission paths than coaxial cable Easy installation, lightweight and flexible Fiber is unsusceptible to lightning strikes / prevent rodent damage Provides EMI/RFI insulation Larger bandwidths

High Definition Television (HDTV)

HDTV

offers consumers much higher resolution and better picture color and clarity when compared to standard analog televisions.

Triple Play Technologies

A

triple-play network is one in which voice, video and data are all provided in a single access subscription. The most common applications are Telephony, community antenna television (CATV) and high-speed Internet service. The transmission medium may be fiber optic, conventional cable ("copper") or satellite. Triple-play network telephone service offers standard options such as call waiting, call forwarding, caller ID (identification), call screening, selective call blocking and conference calling.

Example:

Application in Local Area Network (LAN)

Fiber Optic Inter Repeater Link-FOIRL is an IEEE standard for fiber-optic Ethernet. FOIRL and 10BaseF are compatible, but FOIRL is an earlier standard generally used to extend a backbone beyond the 328 foot limitation of 10Base-T. FOIRL is limited to .6 miles distance per segment, whereas 10BaseF segments can extend to 1.2 miles. 10BaseF is a more comprehensive standard for complete fiber-based installations. A 10 Mbps Ethernet standard that uses optical fibers to extend the distance up to 1.2 miles compared to the 100 meter limitation of 10Base-T copper wires. All stations are wired in a star configuration to a repeater or central concentrator using ST or SMA connectors. Older Ethernet computers with AUI connectors used a fiber-optic transceiver to connect to a 10Base-F network. 10Base-FL, 10Base-FP and 10Base-FB 10Base-FL defines the link between concentrator and station; 10BaseFP defines a star-coupled network; 10Base-FB defines a fiber backbone.

 10

Base-T is an Ethernet standard that transmits at 10 Mbps over twisted wire pairs (telephone wire). 10Base-T is a shared media LAN when used with a hub (all nodes share the 10 Mbps) and 10 Mbps between each pair of nodes when used with a switch. There are rarely new 10Base-T products. Most Ethernet adapters, hubs and switches are 10/100 devices, which support both 10Base-T and 100Base-T, which is 10 times as fast. including 100BaseFX and 100BaseTX, is a 100-Mbps baseband Fast Ethernet specification based on IEEE 802.3 standard using 4B/5B block encoding for Fast Ethernet over fiber-optic cabling (FX) and two pairs (TX).

100Base-X,

100BASE-FX is a version of Fast Ethernet over optical fiber. It uses a 1300 nm near-infrared (NIR) light wavelength transmitted via two strands of optical fiber, one for receive(RX) and the other for transmit(TX). Maximum length is 400 metres (1,310 ft) for half-duplex connections (to ensure collisions are detected), and 2 kilometres (6,600 ft) for full-duplex over multi-mode optical fiber. 100BASE-FX uses the same 4B5B encoding and NRZI line code that 100BASE-TX does. 100BASE-FX should use SC, ST, LC, MTRJ or MIC connectors with SC being the preferred option.100BASE-FX is not compatible with 10BASE-FL, the 10 MBit/s version over optical fiber. 100BASE-SX is a version of Fast Ethernet over optical fiber. It uses two strands of multi-mode optical fiber for receive and transmit. It is a lower cost alternative to using 100BASE-FX, because it uses short wavelength optics which are significantly less expensive than the long wavelength optics used in 100BASE-FX. 100BASE-SX can operate at distances up to 550 metres (1,800 ft).

 100BASE-BX

is a version of Fast Ethernet over a single strand of optical fiber (unlike 100BASE-FX, which uses a pair of fibers). Single-mode fiber is used, along with a special multiplexer which splits the signal into transmit and receive wavelengths. The two wavelengths used for transmit and receive is 1310/1550 nm. The terminals on each side of the fiber are not equal, as the one transmitting "downstream" (from the center of the network to the outside) uses the 1550 nm wavelength, and the one transmitting "upstream" uses the 1310 nm wavelength. Distances can be 10, 20 or 40 km. is a version of Fast Ethernet over two single-mode optical fibers. It has a nominal reach of 10 km and a nominal wavelength of 1310 nm.

100BASE-LX10

Gigabit Ethernet abbreviated GbE, a version of Ethernet, which supports data transfer rates of 1 Gigabit (1,000 megabits) per second. The first Gigabit Ethernet standard (802.3z) was ratified by the IEEE 802.3 Committee in 1998. Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) provides a 100 Mbit/s optical standard for data transmission in a local area network that can extend in range up to 200 kilometers FDDI was considered an attractive campus backbone technology in the early to mid 1990s since existing Ethernet networks only offered 10 Mbit/s transfer speeds and Token Ring networks only offered 4 Mbit/s or 16 Mbit/s speeds. A FDDI network contains two rings, one as a secondary backup in case the primary ring fails. The primary ring offers up to 100 Mbit/s capacity. When a network has no requirement for the secondary ring to do backup, it can also carry data, extending capacity to 200 Mbit/s.

Application in MAN & WAN

SONET

(Synchronous Optical Networking) and SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) are standardized multiplexing protocols that transfer multiple digital bit streams over optical fiber using lasers or highly coherent light from light-emitting diodes (LEDs). low transmission rates data can also be transferred via an electrical interface. The method was developed to replace the Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH) system for transporting large amounts of telephone calls and data traffic over the same fiber without synchronization problems.

At

 SONET

and SDH use different terms to describe the three layers. SDH uses the terms path, multiplex section, and regenerator section while SONET uses the terms section, line, and path. Synchronous Optical Network (SONET)and Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) are a set of related standards for synchronous data transmission over fiber optic networks that are often used for framing and synchronization at the physical layer. is the United States version of the standard published by the American National Standards Institutue (ANSI). SDH is the international version of the standard published by the International Telecommunications Union (ITU).

The

SONET

SONET/SDH can be used in an ATM or non-ATM environment. Packet Over SONET/SDH (POS) maps IP datagrams into the SONET frame payload using Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP). The following table lists the hierarchy of the most common SONET/SDH data rates:
SONET Signal Bit Rate (Mbps) SDH Signal SONET Capacity SDH Capacity

STS - 1, OC - 1

51.84

STM - 0

28 DS - 1s or 1 DS - 3

21 E1s

STS - 3, OC - 3

155.52

STM - 1

84 DS - 1s or 3 DS - 3s

63 E1s or 1 E4

STS - 12, OC - 12

622.08

STM - 4

336 DS - 1s or 12 DS - 3s

252 E1s or 4 E4s

STS - 48, OC - 48

2,488.32

STM - 16

1,344 DS - 1s or 48 DS - 3s

1,008 E1s or 16 E4s

STS - 192, OC - 192

9,953.28

STM - 64

5,376 DS - 1s or 192 DS - 3s

4,032 E1s or 64 E4s

STS-768, OC-768

39,813,120

STM-256

21,504 DS - 1s or 768 DS - 3s

16,128 E1s or 256 E4s

FTTx

Fiber to the x (FTTx) is a generic term for any broadband network architecture using optical Fiber to replace all or part of the usual metal local loop used for last mile telecommunications. The generic term was initially a generalization for several configurations of Fiber deployment (FTTN, FTTC, FTTB, FTTH...), all starting by FTT but differentiated by the last letter, which is substituted by an x in the generalization.

FTTN - Fiber-to-the-node - Fiber is terminated in a street cabinet up to several kilometres away from the customer premises, with the final connection being copper. Fiber-to-the-node is often seen as an interim step towards full FTTH and is currently used by telecoms service providers like AT&T, Deutsche Telekom, Telekom Austria, Belgacom and Swisscom to deliver advanced triple-play services. FTTC - Fiber-to-the-curb / Fiber to the cabinet - this is very similar to FTTN, but the street cabinet or pole is closer to the user's premises; typically within 300m, within range for high-bandwidth copper technologies such as wired Ethernet and IEEE P1901 power line networking, and wireless Wi-Fi technology. FTTB - Fiber-to-the-building or Fiber-to-the-basement - Fiber reaches the boundary of the building, such as the basement in a multi-dwelling unit, with the final connection to the individual living space being made via alternative means, similar to the curb/pole technologies, but also possibly shorter range technology like Thunderbolt. FTTH - Fiber-to-the-home - Fiber reaches the boundary of the living space, such as a box on the outside wall of a home. It is currently used by Telefonica in the Spain's biggest cities, with speeds of up to 100 Mbit/s (megabits per seconds).

FTTP - Fiber-to-the premises - this term is used in several contexts: as a blanket term for both FTTH and FTTB, or where the Fiber network includes both homes and small businesses.
FTTD - Fiber-to-the-desk - Fiber connection is installed from the main computer room to a terminal or Fiber media converter near the user's desk.

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