COURSE : EE602- CIRCUIT

ANALYSIS
2
s-domain
algebra problems
Solutions of algebra
problems
Time-domain
ODE problems
Solutions of time-
domain problems
Laplace

Transform
(LT)
Inverse

LT
Difficult Easy
Find differential equations that describe
system
Obtain Laplace transform
Perform algebra to solve for output or
variable of interest
Apply inverse transform to find solution
4
| |
0
( ) ( )
( )
st
F s f t
f t e dt

=
=
}
L
Laplace, Pierre-Simon
1749-1827
The Laplace transform of a
function f(t) is defined as
Where is a complex
variable.
s j o e = +
t is real, s is complex!
Inverse requires complex analysis to solve
Note transform: f(t) F(s), where t is
integrated and s is variable
Conversely F(s) f(t), t is variable and s is
integrated
Assumes f(t) = 0 for all t < 0


* The Laplace transform is an integral
information of a function f(t) from the time
domain into the complex frequency domain,
F(s)
Some Laplace Transforms wide variety of
function can be transformed
Inverse Transform
Often requires partial fractions or other
manipulation to find a form that is easy to
apply the inverse
) ( )] ( [
1
t f s F L =

Name f(t) F(s)

Impulse
Step
Ramp
Exponential
Sine
1
s
1
2
1
s
a s
1
2 2
1
s + e
1 ) ( = t f
t t f = ) (
at
e t f = ) (
) sin( ) ( t t f e =

>
=
=
0 0
0 1
) (
t
t
t f
| | | |
) ( lim ) ( lim
) ( lim ) 0 (
) ( ) ( )
) (
1 ) (
) (
) 0 ( ) ( ) (
) ( ) ( )] ( ) ( [
0
0
2 1 2 1
0
2 1 2 1
s sF t f -
s sF f -
s F s F d ( )f (t f
dt t f
s s
s F
dt t f L
f s sF t f
dt
d
L
s bF s aF t bf t af L
s t
s
t
t


=
=
= +
=
+ =
=
(

=
}
} }
theorem value Final
theorem value Initial
n Convolutio
n Integratio
ation Differenti
caling Addition/S
Laplace Transform of the unit step.
( )
s
e e
s
e
s
dt e t u L
s s
st st
1
1
1
1 )] ( [
) 0 ( ) (
0
0
|
=

= =

}
The Laplace transform of a unit impulse.
1
) 0 (
0
) ( )] ( [
=

=

=
s
e
dt
st
e t t L o o
The Laplace transform of a exponential function
( )
a s
e e
a s
e
a s
dt e
dt e e t u e L
a s a s
t a s t a s
st at at
+
=

+
=
+
= =
=
+ +

}
}
1
1
1
)] ( [
) 0 )( ( ) )( (
0
) (
0
) (
0
The Laplace transform of a trigonometry function
} }
= vdu uv dx x g x f ) ( ' ) (
e
e
e
e e
t
v
dt t dv
dt e s du
e u
dt t e t L s F
st
st
st
cos
sin
.
sin ] [sin ) (
0
=
=
=
=
= =

}
( )
0 , ) ( ) (
1
sin / ) sin (
1
cos ) 0 ( cos ) ( cos
1
cos / ) cos (
2 2 2
2
0
0
0
) 0 ( ) (
0
0
>
+
= =
(

+ =
(

=
(

=
}
}
}

s
s
s F s F
s
t e
s
t e
s
t e
s
e e
t e
s
t e
st st
st s s
st st
e
e
e
e
e
e
e e
e e
e
e
e e
e
e
e
e e
If F1(s) and F2(s) are respectively, the Laplace transform
of f1(t) and f2(t), then



{ }
{ } { } ) ( ) (
) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
2 1
0
2
0
1 2 1
t f bL t f aL
dt t f e b dt t f e a t bf t af L
st st
+ =
+ = +
} }

{ } ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
2 1 2 1
s bF s aF t bf t af L + = +
Rule s Euler'
2
cos
2
sin
t j t j
t j t j
e e
t
j
e e
t
e e
e e
e
e

+
=

=
| | | | | |
t j t j
t j t j
e L e L
e e
L t L
e e
e e
e

+ =
(
(

+
=
2
1
2
1
2
cos
| | | |
2 2
2 2 2 2 2
2
2
1
2
1
1 1
2
1
2
1
cos
e
e e e e
e e
e e
e
e e
+
=
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+ +
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+

= + =

s
s
s
s
j js js s
j s j s
j s j s
e e L t L
t j t j
1. Find the laplace transforms of these
functions : ,that is ramp function
and .
2. Determine the Laplace transform of
.
3. Obtain the Laplace transform of

) ( ) ( t tu t r =
) (t u e
at
) ( cos ) ( t u t t f e =
0 , 3 ) ( 2 ) ( ) (
2
> + c =

t e t u t t f
t
| |
| |
}
}

=
> = < =
> =
0
0
) ( ) ( ) (
. 1 ) ( 0 ) (
0 , ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
), ( ) (
dt e a t f a t u a t f L
a t for a t u a t for a t u
a dt e a t u a t f a t u a t f L
t f s F
st
st
Hence and But
then of transform Laplace is If
| |
) ( ) (
) ( ) ( ) (
, , 0 ,
.
0
0
) (
s F e dx e x f e
dx e x f a t u a t f L
x t as x a t
a x t dt dx a t x
as sx as
a x s

+
}
}
= =
=

+ = = =
Thus and As
and then let we If
| | ) ( ) ( ) ( , s F e a t u a t f L so
as
=
| |
| |
2 2
2 2
) ( ) ( cos
cos
,
e
e
e
e
+
=
+
=

s
s
e a t u a t L
s
s
t L
as
property, shift time Using
know we example As
| |
| | ) ( ) (
) ( ) (
) ( ) (
), ( ) (
0
) (
0
a s F t f e L
a s F dt e t f
dt e t f e t f e L
t f s F
at
t a s
st at at
+ =
+ = =
=

}
}
then of transform Laplace is If
| |
| |
2 2
2 2
) (
cos
cos
e
e
+

=
+
=

a s
a s
wt e L
s
s
wt L
at
property, shift frequency Using
that, know we example As
) ( ), (
0
t f v t df dt
dt
df
dv
dt s du
dt e
dt
df
dt
df
L
st
= = =
= =
=
(

}
and
e , e u let part, this by integrate To
is, s derivative its of transform Laplace the
f(t), of transform Laplace the is F(s) that Given
st - st -
| | ) 0 ( ) ( ) ( '

= f s sF t f L
) 0 ( ) (
) ( ) 0 ( 0
] )[ ( ) (
0
0
0

=
+ =
=
(

}
}
f s sF
dt e t f s f
dt se t f e t f
dt
df
L
st
st st
Then,
| | ) 0 ( ' ) 0 ( ) ( ) ( ' '
2
= f f s s F s t f L
) 0 ( ... ) 0 ( ' ) 0 ( ' ) 0 ( ) (
1 0 2 1
=
(
(

n n n n
n
f s f s f f s s F s
dt
f d
L
n
s, derivative nth obtain can We
| |
| |
) 0 ( ' ) 0 ( ) (
) 0 ( ' ) 0 ( ) (
) 0 ( ' ) ( '
2
2
2

=
=
=
(
(

f sf s F s
f f s sF s
f t f sL
dt
f d
L
is, derivative second of transform Laplace The
( )
2 2 2 2
1
1
) 0 ( ) (
1
] [sin
) 0 ( ) ( ] sin [
. sin ) ( '
1 ) 0 ( cos
e
e
e
e
e
e
e e
e e
+
=
|
.
|

\
|

+
=
=
=
=
= =

s s
s
s
f s sF t L
f s sF t L
t t f
f t, f(t)
and
then let we If
ds
dF(s)
t tf L
t tf L dt e t tf dt te t f
ds
dF(s)
dt e t f F(s)
f(t) F
st st
st
=
= = =
=
} }
}

)] ( [
)] ( [ )] ( [ ) )( (
) (
,
0 0
0
becomes property ation differenti frequency and
s, to respect with derivative Taking
then of transform Laplace is (s) If
n
n
n n
ds
F(s) d
t f t L ) 1 ( )] ( [ =
to lead equation this of n applicatio Repeated
2
) (
1 1
] [
[
a s
a s ds
d
te L
e L
at
at
+
=
(

+
=
+
=

, derivative of frequency of property Using

a s
1
] that know We
}
}
} } }

= =
= =
=

vdu uv-
s
e
v dt e dv
dt t f du dt t f u
dt e dt t f dt t f L
f(t) F
st
st
t
st
t t
formula using and
let, integrate To
is integral of transform Laplace the
of transform Laplace is (s) If
, ,
) ( , ) (
] ) ( [ ] ) ( [
0
0 0 0
) (
1
] ) ( [
0
s F
s
dt t f L
t
=
}
) (
1
) (
1
] ) ( [
) (
1
) ( ] ) ( [
0 0
0
0
0
0
0 0
0
1
0
s F
s
dt t f e
s
dt t f L
dt t f e
s s
e
dt t f dt t f L
st
t
st
st
t t
, f (t)dt
s
t
t
= =

|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
} }
} } }

}
= =

=
thus give at evaluating and
e to due zero yield term the evaluating
equation, of side hand - right on term first the For
2
2
0
1
] [
1 1 1
] [ ) ( [
,
1
), (
s
t L
s
s s
t L dt t f L
s
F(s) t u f(t)
t
=
=
|
.
|

\
|
= =
= =
}
is function ramp of transform Laplace Thus
and let we If
3
2
2
0
2
2
2
] [
1 1
]
2
[ [
,
1
), (
s
t L
s
s
t
L dt t L
s
F(s) t u t f(t)
t
=
|
.
|

\
|
= =
= =
}
and let we If
}
}

+
=
+ =
=
0
1
1
1
) ( ) 0 (
) 0 (
1
) (
1
] ) ( [
!
] [
dt t f f
f
s
s F
s
dt t f L
s
n
t L
t
n
n
where,
show can we part, by n integratio using Similarly,
n applicatio Repeated
ds s F
t
t f
L
t
t f
L dt e
t
t f
dt
t
e
t f ds s F
dt e t f F(s)
f(t) F
s
st
s
st
s
st
}
} } }
}

=
= =

=
=
) ( ]
) (
[
]
) (
[ ]
) (
[ ) ( ) ( ) (
) (
,
0 0
0
becomes property ation differenti frequency and
s, to respect with integral Taking
then of transform Laplace is (s) If
s
s
s
ds s ds
s
t
t f
L
s
F(s) t u t f(t)
s
s s
1
) ( 1
1
1
]
) (
[
,
1
), (
1 1
1
2
2
2
|
=
=

=
= =
= =

} }
and let we If
1. Find the laplace transforms of these
functions:


t
te t f a
2
2 ) ( )

=
t
e t t f b
3 4
2
1
) ( )

=
t e t f c
t
3 cos 5 ) ( )
2
=
t e t f d
t
sin 4 ) ( )
5
=
DefinitionInverse Laplace transform,
denoted by is given by



where C is a real constant
1
[ ( )] F s

L
1
1
( ) [ ( )] ( ) ( 0)
2
C j
st
C j
f t F s F s e ds t
j t
+

= = >

}
L
Note: The inverse Laplace transform operation involving
rational functions can be carried out using Laplace
t r ansf or m t abl e and par t i al - f r act i on expansi on.
t
e
s
L
s
L d
t
s
L
s
L c
t
s
s
L b
s
L a
3
1
1 1
2 2
1
2
1
2 2
1
1
3
5
3
1
3
5
1 3
5
)
3 sin
3
1
3
3
3
1
9
1
)
sin )
1 ]
1
[ )
=
(
(
(
(

|
.
|

\
|

=
(

=
(

+
=
(

+
=
(

+
=

e
e
( ) ( )
4 3 4 3
5
1
5
1
2 2
1
2
1
3
1 3
1
4
1
2
1 2
1
3
1
12
1
! 4
1
2
3
1
2
3
2
)
2 cos 7
2
7
4
7
)
2
1 ! 3
2
1 3
)
3
! 2
3 ]
6
[ )
t e t e
s
L
s
L h
t
s
s
L
s
s
L g
t
s
L
s
L f
t
s
L
s
L e
t t
= =
(
(

=
(
(

=
(

+
=
(

+
=
(

=
(

=
(

=


+

+

Suppose F(s) has a general form of :



Where N(s) numerator polynomial
D(s) denominator polynomial
N(s)=0 are called zeros of F(s), while
D(s)=0 are called poles of F(s).
) (
) (
) (
s D
s N
s F =
If F(s) has a simple poles, then D(s) become a
product of factor:



For all s = -p1,-p2,,-pn are the simple poles.



k1,k2,,kn - are known as residues of F(s)
n
n
p s
k
p s
k
p s
k
s F
+
+ +
+
+
+
= ... ) (
2
2
1
1
( )( ) ( )
n
p s p s p s
s N
s F
+ + +
=
...
) (
) (
2 1
If we multiply bothside with (s + p1)


Since pi pj, setting s = -p1



Thus in general form,


Since the inverse transform of each terms,




( )
i
p s i i
s F p s k
=
+ = ) (
( )
1 1
1
) ( k s F p s
p s
= +
=
( )
( ) ( )
n
n
p s
k p s
p s
k p s
k s F p s
+
+
+ +
+
+
+ = +
1
2
2 1
1 1
... ) (
t p
n
t p t p
n
e k e k e k t f

+ + + = ... ) (
2 1
2 1
( )
1
3
3 2
3 3
3 2
3 ) 3 (
3 2
3
3 2
1
0 1
2
1
2 1
=

=

+ =

+ =

=
=
k
s
s
k
s
sk
k
s
s
s
s
k
s
k
s s
s
s s
s
F(s)
s
, with bothside multiply
: 14 Example
( )
( )
t
s
e t f
s s
L
s s
s
L
s s s s
s
k
s
s
k
k
s
k s
s
s
s
3
1 1
2
3 2
2
1
1 ) (
3
1 1
3
3 2
3
1 1
3
3 2
1
3 2
) 3 ( 3 2
3
+ =
(

+ =
(

+ =

=
+

=
table, from
Hence
, with bothside multiply
( )( )
( )( )
( )( )
( )( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
8
3
12
3
2 2
3
12
2
2
3 2
12
3 2 3 2
12
3 2 3 2
12
3 2
12
2
2
2
2
3
2
1
2
1
0
2
1
3 2
1
2
3 2 1
2
2
=
+
+
=
+
+
+ +
+
=
+
+
+
=
+ +
+
=
+
+
+
+ =
+ +
+
+
+
+
+ =
+ +
+
+ +
+
=
=
=
k
s s
s
k
s
k s
k
s
k s
s s
s
s
k
s s
s
k
s
sk
s
sk
k
s s
s
s
s
k
s
k
s
k
s s s
s
s s s
s
F(s)
s
s
, with bothside multiply
, with bothside multiply
: 15 Example
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )( )
( )( )
t t
s
e e t f
s s s
L
s s s
s
L
s s s s s s
s
k
s s
s
k
k
s
k s
s
k s
s s
s
s
3 2
1
2
1
2
3
3
2
3
3
2 1
2
7 8 1 ) (
3
7
2
8 1
3 2
12
3
7
2
8 1
3 2
12
,
7
2
12
2
3 3
2
12
3


=
+ =
(

+
+
+
=
(
(

+ +
+
+
+
+
=
+ +
+
=
+
+
=
+
+
+
+
+
=
+
+
+
table, from
Hence
, with bothside multiply
Suppose F(s) has n repeated poles at s = -p



Where F1(s) is the remaining part of F(s)
[does not have a pole at s = -p].
Determine kn as,
( )
p s
n
n
s F p s k
=
+ = ) (
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
) ( ...
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
s F
p s
k
p s
k
p s
k
p s
k
F(s)
n
n
n
n
+
+
+
+
+ +
+
+
+
=

To determine k
n-1
, multiply each term by
(s+1)
n
and differentiate to get rid of kn,
evaluate the result a s = -p to get rid of
other coefficients except kn-1


Repeating this gives


m
th
term becomes


Where m = 1,2,,n-1








( ) | |
p s
n
n
s F p s
ds
d
k
=
+ = ) (
! 2
1
2
2
2
( ) | |
p s
n
m
m
m n
s F p s
ds
d
m
k
=
+ = ) (
!
1

( ) | |
p s
n
n
s F p s
ds
d
k
=
+ = ) (
1
( )( )
( )( ) ( )
( )( ) ( )
( )( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
14
) 1 )( 1 (
14
2
4 10
2
1
2
1 1
2
4 10
1
1
) 2 )( 1 (
4
2 1
4 10
2
2
1
2 1
4 10
2
2
1
2 1
4 10
2 1
4 10
2
1
2
2
2 2
2
2
0
2
2
2 2
2
2 2
2
2
2
=

=
+
+
=
+
+
+
+
+
+ +
+
=
+
+
+
= =
+ +
+
=
+
+
+
+
+
+ =
+ +
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ =
+ +
+
+ +
+
=
=
=
s
s
s s
s
B
s
D s
s
C s
B
s
A s
s s
s
s
s s
s
A
s
sD
s
sC
s
sB
A
s s
s
s
s
D
s
C
s
B
s
A
s s s
s
s s s
s
V(s) v(t)
, with bothside multiply
, with bothside multiply
that given Calculate : 16 Example
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) | |
( )
( )( ) ( )( )
( )
( )( ) ( )
( )( ) ( )
t t t
s
s s
s
e te e t f
s
s
s s
L
s s s
s
L
s
s
s s
s s s
s
Hence
s s
s s s s s
s s
s
ds
d
s V s
ds
d
D
s s
s
C
D s C
s
B s
s
A s
s s
s
s
2 2
2
1
2
2
1
2 2
2
2
2
2
2 2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
13 22 14 1 ) (
2
13
2
22
1
14 1
2 1
4 10
2
13
2
22
1
14 1
2 1
4 10
,
13
4
52 1 2 4 10 20
2
4 10
) ( 2
22
) 1 )( 2 (
44
1
4 10
) 2 (
1
2 2
1
4 10
2


=
= =
=
+ + =
(
(

+
+
+
+
+
=
(
(

+ +
+
+
+
+
+
+
=
+ +
+
= =
+
+ + +
=
(
(

+
+
= + =
=

=
+
+
=
+ + +
+
+
+
+
=
+
+
+
table from


, with bothside multiply
2 2
2
F(s) may have a general form



Where F
1
(s) remaining part of F(s) [does
not have this pair of complex poles.
Complete the square by letting



( )
2
2
2 2 2 2
2 | o | o o + + = + + + = + + s s s b as s
) (
1
2
2 1
s F
b as s
A s A
F +
+ +
+
= (s)
We also let


Then equation become



From table

( )
( ) ( )
) ( ) (
1
2
2
1
2
2
1
s F
s
B
s
s A
s F +
+ +
+
+ +
+
=
| o
|
| o
o
) ( sin cos ) (
1 1 1
t f t e B t e A t f
t t
+ + =

| |
o o
( ) | o
1 1 2 1
B s A A s A + + = +
( )( )
( )( )
( )( )
( ) ( )( )
( ) ( ) ( ) 3 3 25 8 20
3 25 8 20
25 8 3
:
25 8
3
25 8 3
20
. 3 4 0 25 8
) (
25 8 3
20
2 2
2
2
2 2
2
2
+ + + + + + =
+ + + + + =
+ + +
+ +
+
+
+
=
+ + +
=
= = + +
+ + +
=
s C s B s s A
s C Bs s s A
s s s
solution
s s
C Bs
s
A
s s s
H(s)
j s s s
s H
s s s
H(s)
by side both g multiplyin : method Algebraic
or
poles complex of pair a has example, this In
, function domain
frequency the of transform inverse the Find : 17 Example
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
t e t e e t f
s s
s
s
s
s
s
s s
s
s
H(s)
C B
A A A C A
A C C A C B A : s
B A B A s
t t t
3 sin
3
2
3 cos 2 2 ) (
3 4
3
3
2
3 4
4 2
3
2
9 4
2 4 2
3
2
25 8
10 2
3
2
. 10 , 2
2 15 25 3 25 20
5 5 3 8 0
0 :
4 4 3
2
2
2
2
2 2
2

=
+ +

+ +
+

+
=
+ +
+ +

+
=
+ +
+

+
=
= =
= = + =
= + = + + =
= + =
Then,
Thus is, That
: constant


: ts coefficien Equation
| |
) 0 ( ' ) 0 ( ] [
) 0 ( ' ) 0 ( ) ( ) ( ' '
2
2
2
2


=
(
(

=
y sy y L s
dx
y d
L
or
f f s s F s t f L
| |
| | ) 0 (
) 0 ( ) ( ) ( '

=
(

=
y y sL
dx
dy
L
or
f s sF t f L
Procedure :

Take the Laplace transform of both sides of the
differential equation by applying the formula for
the Laplace transforms of derivatives
Put in the given initial conditions, i.e. y(0) and
y(0).
Rearrange the equation to make L [y] the
subject.
Determine y by using, where necessary, partial
fractions, and taking the inverse of each term by
using Table of Laplace
57
2 12
dy
y
dt
+ =
(0) 10 y =
| | | |
2 12
dy
L L y L
dt
(
+ =
(

12
( ) 10 2 ( ) sY s Y s
s
+ =
( )
12
2 ( ) 10 s Y s
s
+ = +
10 12
( )
2 ( 2)
Y s
s s s
= +
+ +
58
1 2
12
( 2) 2
A A
s s s s
= +
+ +
1
0
0
12 12
6
( 2) 2
s
s
A s
s s s
=
=
(
(
= = =
(
(
+ +


2
2
2
12 12
( 2) 6
( 2)
s
s
A s
s s s
=
=
(
(
= + = =
(
(
+


10 6 6 6 4
( )
2 2 2
Y s
s s s s s
= + = +
+ + +
2
( ) 6 4
t
y t e

= +
59
2 12sin 4
dy
y t
dt
+ =
(0) 10 y =
2
12(4)
( ) 10 2 ( )
16
sY s Y s
s
+ =
+
2
10 48
( )
2 ( 2)( 16)
Y s
s s s
= +
+ + +
1 2
2 2
48
( 2)( 16) 2 16
B s B A
s s s s
+
= +
+ + + +
60
2
2
48 48
2.4
16 20
s
A
s
=
(
= = =
(
+

1 2
2 2
48 2.4
( 2)( 16) 2 16
B s B
s s s s
+
= +
+ + + +
2
48 2.4
(2)(16) 2 16
B
= +
2
4.8 B =
1 2
48 2.4
(1)(17) 1 17
B B +
= +
1
2.4 B =
2 2
10 2.4 2.4 4.8
( )
2 2 16 16
s
Y s
s s s s
= + +
+ + + +
2
( ) 12.4 2.4cos 4 1.2sin 4
t
y t e t t

= +
61
2
2
3 2 24
d y dy
y
dt dt
+ + =
(0) 10 and '(0) 0 y y = =
| |
2
24
( ) 10 0 3 ( ) 10 2 ( ) s Y s s sY s Y s
s
+ + =
2 2
24 10 30
( )
( 3 2) 3 2
24 10 30
( 1)( 2) ( 1)( 2)
s
Y s
s s s s s
s
s s s s s
+
= +
+ + + +
+
= +
+ + + +
62
24 12 24 12
( 1)( 2) 1 2 s s s s s s
= +
+ + + +
10 30 20 10
( 1)( 2) 1 2
s
s s s s
+
=
+ + + +
12 4 2
( )
1 2
F s
s s s
= +
+ +
2
( ) 12 4 2
t t
f t e e

= +
63
Exercise 3
1. Find f(t) for each of the following functions
( ) ( )
( )( )( )
( ) ( )
( ) 50 2
500 30 16
3 2 1
26 26 6
2
2
2
+ +
+
=
+ + +
+ +
=
s s s
s s
s F b
s s s
s s
s F a
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
16 10
104 216 105 10
5 4
400
2
2 3
2
2
+ +
+ + +
=
+ +
=
s s
s s s
s F d
s s s
s F c
2
-t
2
d x dx
3 2x(t) e for t 0
dt dt
dx(0)
and x(0) 2, -3
dt
+ + = >
= =
2. Solve the following differential equation using Laplace
transforms.
66
a) Resistor
Time domain S-domain
67
b) Inductor
Time domain S-domain
68
c) Capacitor
Time domain S-domain
dt
t dv
C t i
) (
) ( =
LAPLACE CIRCUIT SOLUTIONS
) ( ) 0 ( ) (
) ( ) (
) ( ) ( ) (
s sI i s sI
dt
di
dt
di
L s RI s V
t
dt
di
L t Ri t v
S
S
= =
(

+ =
+ =
L
L
: KVL
0 ; 1
1
) (
1
| ) ( ) / (
1
| ) (
/ ) / (
/ 1
) (
) (
1
) (
) ( ) (
1
/ 2
0 1
2 1
>
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
= + =
= =
+
+ =
+
=
+
=
+ =

=
=
t e
R
t i
R
s I L R s K
R
s sI K
L R s
K
s
K
s L R s
L
s I
Ls R s
s I
s LsI s RI
s
t
L
R
L R s
s
) (t i
S
v
) ( ) 0 ( ) (
) ( ) (
, ) (
) ( ) (
s sV v s sV
dt
dv
s V s V
dt
dv
RC
v v
dt
dv
RC
dt
dv
C t i
v t v t Ri
S
S
s
= =
(

= +
(

= + =
= +
L
L
so
: KVL using
0 , 1 ) (
1 | ) ( ) / 1 (
1 | ) (
/ 1 ) / 1 (
/ 1
) (
) / 1 (
/ 1
) 1 (
1
) (
1
) ( ) (
1
) ( ) (
0 ) 0 ( 0 , 0 ) (
/ 1 2
0 1
2 1
> =
= + =
= =
+
+ =
+
=
+
=
+
=
= +
= =
= < =

=
=
t e t v
s V RC s K
s sV K
RC s
K
s
K
RC s s
RC
s V
RC s s
RC
RCs s
s V
s
s V s RCsV
s
s V t u v
v t t v
RC
t
RC s
s
S S
S
Find the transfer function relating the capacitor voltage ,
To the input voltage
LC
s
L
R
s
LC
s G
RCs LCs s V
s
s G
s V s s RCs s LCs
t v t
dt
t d
RC
dt
t d
LC
t output
t v t q
C dt
t dq
R
dt
t q d
L
as
t v dt t i
C
t Ri
dt
t di
L
1
1
) (
1
1
) (
) ( V
) (
) ( ) ( V ) ( V ) ( V
) ( ) ( v
) ( v ) ( v
) ( Cv q(t) , v
) ( ) (
1 ) ( ) (
i(t)dt q(t)
) ( ) (
1
) (
) (
2
2
C
C C C
2
C
C
2
C
2
C C
2
2
+ +
=
+ +
= =
= + +
= + +
=
= + +
=
= + +
}
}