IGC2 - Element 4 Electrical (1st Ed) v.1.0

NEBOSH International General Certificate
Copyright RMS Publishing IGC First Edition - IGC2 Element 4 - v.1.0 - Slide 1 860409
Licence details
RMS Publishing Limited Victoria House, Lower High Street, Stourbridge DY8 1TA ACT Associates Limited. First Edition September 2007. All rights reserved. No part of this presentation may be stored in a retrieval system, reproduced, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without either the prior written permission of the Publishers. This presentation may not be lent, resold, hired out or otherwise disposed of by way of trade in any form other than that in which it is published, without the prior consent of the Publishers. This presentation may not be reproduced in any form without prior consent of the Publishers other than a single copy thumbnail handout for immediate use by the tutor. Whilst every effort is made to ensure the completeness and accuracy of the information contained herein, RMS/ACT can bear no liability for any omission or error.
Issued to: Strabag Single Licence Licence No: 860409

Unit IGC2 Control of International workplace hazards

Element 4 Electrical - hazards and control

Electrical hazards and control
Learning outcomes
4.1 Identify the hazards and evaluate the consequential risks from the use of electricity in the workplace Describe the control measures that should be taken when working with electrical systems or using electrical equipment
4.2
Contents of element
4.1 4.2 Hazards and risks associated with electricity at work Control measures
Contents of element

Hazards and risks associated with electricity at work
Principles of electricity
If misused can be very dangerous and often fatal Has a major danger Sight, hearing and smell will not detect electricity Contact with exposed conductors 240V can be lethal Number of electrical notifiable accidents is small 10-20 reported fatalities each year so severity is high Accident often caused by complacency not ignorance

Basic circuitry Current - flow of electrons through a conductor Current flows due to differences in electrical pressure Differences are measured in volts Direct current (DC) Alternating current (AC) Resistance, inductance or capacitance Impedance measured in ohms

A basic electrical circuit
Source: RMS Publishing

Relationship between voltage, current and resistance Electrical pressure = Volts (V) Current = Amperes or Milliamperes (I) Resistance = OHMS (R) V=IxR

An electric circuit under fault conditions showing resistances in the path of a fault current
Source: R. Gilmour.

Relationship between voltage, current and resistance By Ohms law; Current = Voltage Resistance

Hazards of electricity
Shock Electrical burns Electrical fires Explosions Secondary injuries

Electric shock and its effects on the body

Effects of current flowing in the human body
CURRENT (mA) LENGTH OF TIME LIKELY EFECTS
0-1
1-15 15-30 30-50
Not critical
Not critical Minutes Seconds to minutes
Threshold of feeling. Undetected by person.

Threshold of cramp. Independent loosening of the hands no longer possible. Cramp-like pulling together of the arms, breathing difficult. Limit of tolerance. Strong cramp like effects, loss of consciousness due to restricted breathing. Longer time may lead to fibrillation. No fibrillation. Strong shock effects. Fibrillation. Loss of consciousness. Burn marks. Fibrillation. Loss of consciousness. Burn marks.
Source: RMS Publishing
50-500
Less than one heart period (750 mS) Greater period than one heart
Over 500
Less than one heart period

Electric shock and its effect on the body

Factors influencing severity Voltage Frequency Duration Resistance Current path


First aid treatment for electric shock In case of electrical shock: Do Switch off or remove the plug No remaining connection to the supply Assess the situation Call for qualified support If safe, check the casualtys response


First aid treatment for electric shock In case of electrical shock: Check A - Airway Is it open? B - Breathing Is the casualty breathing normally? C - Circulation Does the casualty have a normal pulse?


First aid treatment for electric shock In case of electrical shock: Action CPR Recovery position Keep the casualty under observation


First aid treatment for electric shock In case of electrical shock: Do not Do not go near the casualty until the electricity supply is proven to be off Do not delay Do not wait

Electrical burns
Direct Electricity passing through the body Burns to the skin and tissue Indirect Short circuit contacts Hot parts Molten materials Fire

Electrical fires
Common causes Wiring with defects such as insulation failure Overheating of cables Incorrect fuse rating Poor connections

Portable electric equipment

Conditions and practices likely to lead to accidents Unsuitable equipment Inadequate maintenance Use of defective apparatus

Secondary hazards
Injury results from the flow of electricity through the bodys nerves, muscles and organs and causes abnormal function to occur Muscular spasm may be severe Injuries may result from dislocation, impact with surrounding objects or fall from a height A tool may be dropped causing such injuries as burns or impact injury to the user or others near by
Contents of element

Control measures
Selection and suitability of equipment

It is critical to ensure that all electrical equipment is suitable Many tools are designed and provided for use in a domestic situation and they may not be suitable for use in the more arduous conditions of a construction site Part of the selection process is to determine situations where low voltage, such as 110 volt systems, can be used in preference to 240 volts

Control measures
Advantages and limitations of protective systems

Fuse Wire melts = current breaks Protects equipment not user Fuse ratings may be wrong Fuse rating calculation Current (Amperes) = Power (watts) Voltage (volts)

Control measures

Earthing Conductor connected to earth Earth is lowest point of potential Connected to equipment casing

Control measures

Isolation Excellent way of achieving safety for those that need to work on or near the system Can mean switching off and unplugging a portable appliance at times it is not in use Check that the isolation has been adequate and effective before work starts - tests on the system Ensure the isolation is secure - lock off and tag out systems

Control measures

Reduced low voltage systems Step down transformer (110v) Centre tap to earth (55v shock) Reduces effect of electric shock Portable

Control measures

Residual Current Device (RCD) Detects system current leaks Response = 30mA and 30mS Reduces effect of electric shock Protects the user Fixed or portable Built in test facility

Control measures

Double insulation 2nd protective insulated layer Not normally used with earth
Source: HSG107

Control measures
Inspection and maintenance strategies

User checks Formal inspection and tests Frequency of inspection and testing Records of inspection and testing Advantages and limitations of Portable Appliance Testing (PAT)

Control measures

User checks Damaged cable sheaths Damaged plugs; cracked casing or bent pins Taped or other inadequate cable joints Outer cable insulation not secured into plugs or equipment Faulty of ineffective switches Burn marks or discolouration Damaged casing Loose parts or screws Wet or contaminated equipment Loose or damaged sockets or switches

Control measures

Formal inspection and tests Portable equipment check: Use of correctly rated fuse Effective cord grip Secure and correct cable terminations

Control measures

Formal inspection and tests Fixed installations check: Damaged or loose conduit, trunking or cabling Missing, broken or inadequately secured covers Loose or faulty joints Loose earth connections Moisture, corrosion or contamination Burn marks or discolourisation Open or inadequately secured panel doors Ease of access to switches and isolators Presence of temporary writing

Control measures

Frequency of inspection and testing Deciding the frequency Factors: Type of equipment Whether its hand held Manufacturers recommendations Its initial integrity and soundness Age Working environment Likelihood of mechanical damage

Control measures

Frequency of inspection and testing Deciding the frequency (continued) Factors: Frequency of use Duration of use Foreseeable use Who uses it Modifications or repairs Past experience

Control measures

Records of inspection and testing Use a checklist recording that the appropriate checks inspections and tests have been done Common practice to add a label to the system or part of the system to indicate that an inspection has taken place Personal electrical devices should be treated and tested as if it were company property

Control measures

Advantages and limitations of Portable Appliance Testing (PAT) The first level of inspection would be carried out by the operator before the appliance is used Second check would be supplemented by a more formal visual inspection by an appointed person Third strategy would include the periodic combined inspection and testing of the appliance by a competent person
Contents of element
Element 4 Electrical - hazards and control

Unit IGC2 Control of International workplace hazards



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NEBOSH International General Certificate

Issued to: Strabag Single Licence Licence No: 860409

NEBOSH International General Certificate

Unit IGC2 Control of International workplace hazards

Element 4 Electrical - hazards and control

Electrical hazards and control

Electrical hazards and control

Electrical hazards and control

Electrical hazards and control

Electrical hazards and control

Electrical hazards and control

Source: RMS Publishing

Electrical hazards and control

Electrical hazards and control

Electrical hazards and control

Electrical hazards and control

Electrical hazards and control

Electric shock and its effects on the body

Threshold of feeling. Undetected by person.

Less than one heart period

Electrical hazards and control

Electric shock and its effect on the body

Electrical hazards and control

Electric shock and its effect on the body

Electrical hazards and control

Electric shock and its effect on the body

Electrical hazards and control

Electric shock and its effect on the body

Electrical hazards and control

Electric shock and its effect on the body

Electrical hazards and control

Electrical hazards and control

Electrical hazards and control

Portable electric equipment

Electrical hazards and control

Electrical hazards and control

Electrical hazards and control

Selection and suitability of equipment

Electrical hazards and control

Advantages and limitations of protective systems

Electrical hazards and control

Advantages and limitations of protective systems

Electrical hazards and control

Advantages and limitations of protective systems

Electrical hazards and control

Advantages and limitations of protective systems

Electrical hazards and control

Advantages and limitations of protective systems

Electrical hazards and control

Advantages and limitations of protective systems

Electrical hazards and control

Inspection and maintenance strategies

Electrical hazards and control

Inspection and maintenance strategies

Electrical hazards and control

Inspection and maintenance strategies

Electrical hazards and control

Inspection and maintenance strategies

Electrical hazards and control

Inspection and maintenance strategies

Electrical hazards and control

Inspection and maintenance strategies

Electrical hazards and control