Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Sudigdo Sastroasmoro
Prologue
Scientific knowledge is knowledge obtained by scientific procedures Professionals should always use scientific knowledge to solve their professional problems Good professionals is obliged to participate in scientific development by doing (however small) research in their relevant field
Science is made of facts as a house is made of stones But a bulk of facts is not necessarily a science as a mass of stones is not a house
FINER
Feasible: Time, expertise / manpower, material, money, study subjects Interesting to the investigator
Originality in research
Knipscheer HC, et al. Short-term efficacy and safety of pravastatin in 72 children with familial hypercholesterolemia. Pediatr Res. 1996;39:867 871. de Jongh S, et al. Efficacy and safety of statin therapy in children with familial hypercholesterolemia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with simvastatin. Circulation. 2002;106:22312237. Wiegman A, et al. Efficacy and safety of statin therapy in children with familial hypercholesterolemia: a randomized controlled trial. J Am Med Assoc. 2004;292:331337.
The following studies are labeled to as original research, original contribution, or original article
6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.
12.
Never done before Continuing others original study Developing others original idea Using new technique to find old data Proposing / designing everything & ask investigators / technicians to perform the study under your guidance Finding new empirical data Have not been done in Indonesia Using old technique to explore new area New evidence for old issue Examining others idea with original technique Multidisciplinary approach to solve old issue Applying others findings in different populations
Study Protocol
Aims as guidance for the investigator in the whole process of the planned research Different formats or styles, depending on institutions: should be followed rigidly Followings are general requirements of most research proposal
I. Introduction
A. Background B. Research question(s)
C. Hypotheses
D. Purpose
E. Significance
Background
Typically 4-8 pages I personally recommend to make subtitles for Background, so that the information provided and the logical sequence are better understood. Six-page long background without subtitles may result in to and fro information that make the reader or even the writer get confused. Adequate and strong references
Single gene-mutation in familial hypercholesterolemia in children of young patients with myocardial infarction a screening method and economic analysis Increased incidence of young people with AMI Factors associated with young AMI Genetic studies in children of YAMI
Abroad In Indonesia
Gene mutation as predictor for YAMI Population-based vs. group-based screening Knowledge gap to be filled with the proposed study
Acute hypothyroidism in children undergoing open heart surgery Prevalence and role of oral thyroxin
Kemajuan tata laksana PJB Luar biasa namuan ada beberapa kendala Salah satunya hipotiroidisme akut Peran hormon tiroid Sudah dinilai pada orang dewasa dgn tiroid IV Hasil kontroversial Peran tiroid pada anak Belum diteliti, khususnya oral Hasil yang diharapkan utama tambahan
b. Research question(s)
Formulation of background in interrogative
sentence(s) which are:
c. Hypothesis
A tentative answer for research question that should be validated empirically Hypothesis should not be judged as correct or incorrect, but valid or not valid Not all studies need hypothesis; surveys and other descriptive studies do not need hypothesis Any research questions containing the words: associated with, related to, correlated to, different from, larger, smaller, better, worse, more, cause, risk factor(s), etc need one or more hypothesis.
e. Significance
Academic
Clinical Health policy Further research Note: quick vs. non-quick yielding researches
III. Methods
All must be elaborated explicitly in great details!! Design(s): one study may have more than 1 designs Time and place Population: target, source Criteria for inclusion and exclusion Sample: sampling techniques Sample size
IV. References
Consistent style; FMUI: Vancouver style Follow rigidly every aspects {Number of authors included, editor(s), abbreviations of journals, first & last pages, etc}, incl. punctuation (comma, colon, semicolon, full-stop, etc) Important: fit the citation numbers in text and numbers in the reference list! Electronic materials not published in printed format should be considered as unpublished materials, as are theses, dissertations, personal communications (use them if no comparable published sources exist)
V. Appendices
Investigator(s), incl. curriculum vitae and research tract records / previous publications Sponsors Time table Plan of budget Formulae (sample size), specific procedures, etc Dummy tables Ethical clearance Informed consent form Other relevant materials or information
Concluding remarks
Research proposal (protocol) development is the very first step in research activities Needs exercises by reading & reviewing other proposals; much better: learning by doing Arrangement of Title, Introduction, and Methods must be in logical sequences, reflecting scientific exercise Badly written proposal will eventually result in bad study conclusion(s)
Be prepared for
Lasagnas law Dissertation blue Writers block Technical, financial, procedural, bureaucratic aspects Unwritten rules in PhD research:
Supervisors Examiners Department and related institutions Family Yourself
Report
To examiners (for thesis / dissertation) To academic society (medical journal) To layman
Different approach
To medical journal
Usual format: IMRAD Always look Instructions to Authors In-house style: specific for that journal A continuum from proposal to report writing
To medical journal
PROPOSAL Introduction Literature review Methods References REPORT - Introduction - None - Methods - Results - Discussion - Conflict of interest - References