Industrial Training Seminar

Presentation By: Tarun Kumar Matriaya EC-B VII SEM Roll No: 0700131202

Outline
Summer Training at North Central Railways, Allahabad from 30th June, 2009 to 30th July, 2009. An amazing experience as I got to see, How exactly the communication system works for Indian Railways. Main Objective was to learn Optical Fibre Communication In Railways.

Contents
Introduction to Indian Railways Introduction to Optical Fibres. Advantages of Optical Fibres. Disadvantages of Optical Fibres. Application of Optical Fibres. Types Of Optical Fibres. Optical Fibre Communication Working of OFC. Use Of OFC in Railways.

Introduction to Indian Railways

1832: The first proposal was introduced for having Railways In India. 1853: On April 16th, at 3:35 pm, The first train left from Bombay to Thane.

November 1947 : John Mathai (not formerly designated as Minister to Railways) presents the first Railways budget for Independent India.
Present Railway Minister: Dinesh Trivedi.

Optical Fibre
An optical fibre ( or fiber ) is a glass or plastic fibre that carries light along its length.
It has two main component layers: A Core & A Cladding. Light is kept in th core of optical fibre. Cladding is for the protection of fibre.

Advantages of Optical fibre.

Thinner than other tubes. Less expensive High Carrying Capacity. Provides a very large Bandwidth Less signal distortion Non- flammable Light Weight

Fibre Optic Disadvantages.

Expensive over short distance. Very high Installation charges & demands high skills. Adding additional nodes is difficult.

Areas Of Application
Telecommunication Local Area Networks Cable TV CCTV Optical Fibre Sensors

Optical Fibre Construction

Core: Thin Glass Center of the fibre where light travels. Cladding: Outer Optical Material surrounding the Core. Buffer Coating: Plastic Coating that protects the Fibre.

Material Used.
The Core , & the lower refractive index Cladding , are typically made of high quality silica glass, though they can be both made of plastic as well.

Fiber Optic Layers.

Consists of three concentric sections.

plastic jacket

glass or plastic cladding

fiber core

Mode Of Propagation
Two main categories that are used in Fibre Optic Communications are: Multi-mode Optical Fibre
Single Mode Optical Fibre

Fibre Optic Cable

Single-mode Fibre: Carries light pulses along single path.
Multi-mode Fibre: Many pulses of light Generated by LED At different angles.

Single Mode Fibres

Single-mode fibers used to transmit one signal
per fiber (used in telephone and cable TV). They have small cores(9 microns in diameter) and transmit infra-red light from laser.

Multi-mode Fibres
Multi-mode fibers used to transmit many
signals per fiber They (used in computer cores(62.5 networks). have larger

microns in diameter) and transmit infra-red light from LED.

Index Profile
The boundary between
the core and cladding may either be abrupt,

in step-index fiber, or
gradual, in

graded-

index fiber.

Step-Index
A step-index fiber has a central core with a
uniform refractive index. An outside cladding that also has a uniform refractive index surrounds the core; However, the refractive index of the cladding is less than that of the central core.

Graded-Index
In graded-index fiber, the index of refraction
in the core decreases continuously between the axis and the cladding. This causes light rays to bend smoothly as they approach the cladding, rather than reflecting abruptly from the core-cladding boundary.

Optical Fiber Communication

Fiber Optic Communication

It is a method of transmitting information
from one place to another by sending light through an optical fiber. The light forms an electromagnetic carrier wave that is modulated to carry information.

Block Diagram of OFC

Total Internal Reflection

Use of OFC in Railways.

To optimize train scheduling. Speed measurement. Signal distribution by FBG. Traffic light monitoring.