In the name of Allah Kareem, Most Beneficent, Most Gracious, the Most Merciful !

Session Objectives
After this session the students will be able to analyze the collected data using descriptive statistics by Producing summaries of data in both tabular and graphical forms Calculating the central tendencies using mean median and modes Calculate the dispersion of data using range, IQR and Standard Deviation Checking if the data is normally distributed using Normal curve phenomenon
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Analyzing Data
The process of breaking down the complex data to gain better understanding of it. There are two types of statistics descriptive statistics inferential statistics
In this session we will work on descriptive statistics
SUPERIOR GROUP OF COLLEGES

Descriptive statistics
Descriptive statistics are used to describe, summarize, organize, and simplify data in quantitative terms. We will cover

1. Summarizing Numerical Data

2. Measures of Central Tendency 3. Measurement of Dispersion 4. Checking Data Normality

SUPERIOR GROUP OF COLLEGES

1. Summarizing
Variable
Categorical
Frequency Distribution Table

Numerical

Five Figure Summary

Bar chart

Box Plot / Histograms

Summarizing categorical data

Frequency Distribution.
A frequency distribution is a tally or count of the number of times each score on a single variable occurs
Analyze Descriptive Statistics frequency tables box is checked) Frequencies move religion to the variable box OK (make sure that the Display

Frequency table for religion

religion Frequency 30 23 14 67 Percent 40.0 30.7 18.7 89.3 Cumulative Valid Percent Percent 44.8 44.8 34.3 79.1 20.9 100.0 100.0 Valid Muslims Christians Hindus Total other religion

Missing

4
4 8
75

5.3
5.3 10.7
100.0

blank
Total Total

Summarizing categorical data

Bar Charts
With Nominal data, it is better to make a bar graph or chart of the frequency distribution of variables like religion, ethnic group, or other nominal variables; the points that happen to be adjacent in your frequency distribution are not by necessarily adjacent. To get a bar chart select Graphs legacy dialogues interactive bar chart move variable to the box OK

Summarizing Numerical data

Five Figure Summary

It is used to summarize the Numerical data. Five figures include locating the following values in data

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Minimum value Maximum Value Median Lower Quartile Upper Quartile

Exercise: Calculate Five Figure Summary

Department B: 30 employees 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 10 11 13 13 15 15 19 20

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Exercise: Calculate Five Figure Summary

Department B: 30 employees 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 5 5 5 6 6 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 10 10 12 15

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box & whisker plot

For ordinal and normal data, the box and whiskers plot is useful The box and whisker plot is a graphical representation of distribution of scores and is helpful in distinguishing between ordinal and normally distributed data
Graphs legacy dialogues interactive box plot move gender to the x-axis and move SAT math to y-axis OK

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Histogram
Histograms are just like bar graph but there is no space between the boxes, indicating that there is a continuous variable theoretically underlying the scores. Histograms can be used even if data, as measured, are not continuous, if the underlying is conceptualized as continuous. To draw a histogram select:
Graphs legacy dialogues interactive histogram move variable to the box OK

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MEASUREMENT OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

Mean. The arithmetic average or mean takes into

account all of the available information in computing the central tendency of a frequency distribution.

Median. The middle score or median is the

appropriate measure of central tendency for ordinal level raw data.

Mode. The most common category, or mode can be used

with any kind of data generally provides the least precise information about central tendency
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Measure of Central Tendency

Exercise

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Analyze

Descriptive statistics

Frequencies Ok

put SAT Math into variable box

click on statistics

mark

mean, median and mode

click continue

Statistics scholastic aptitude test - math N Valid 75 Missing 0 Mean 490.53 Median 490.00 Mode 500

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Measures of Variability
RangeThe range (highest minus lowest score) is the crudest measure of variability but does give an indication of the spread in scores if they are ordered. Standard DeviationThe standard deviation is based on the deviation (x) of each score from the mean of all scores.

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Analyze

Descriptive statistics

Frequencies Ok

put SAT Math into variable box

click on statistics

mark

Range and std deviation

click continue

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Nominal Frequency Distribution Bar Chart Histogram Frequency Polygon Box &Whisker Plot Central Tendency Mean Median Mode V ariability Range Standard Deviation Interquartile Range How many categories Shape Skewness No No No No Y es No No Y es Y es Y es No No No

Dichotomous Y es Y es No No No

Ordinal Y es Y es OK OK Y es

Normal Ok OK Y es Y es Y es

OK OK Y es

OK Y es OK

Y es OK OK

Always 1 No No Always 2

Y es OK OK OK

Y es Y es OK No

No

Y es

Y es
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SUPERIOR GROUP OF COLLEGES

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