BEng (Hons) Petroleum Engineering

Course: Introduction To Petroleum Engineering Instructor Dr. Tarek Darwich

Introduction to Petroleum Engineering

Course Outlines:
What is Petroleum Engineering? The Life Cycle of Oil and Gas projects, Origin, formation and accumulation of Petroleum, Oil & Gas Exploration, Appraisal of Oil & Gas Discoveries, Development of Oil & Gas Discoveries, Producing Oil & Gas Fields, Transportation of Oil & Gas, The Petroleum Industry & the Environment, Petroleum Economics.
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Introduction to Petroleum Engineering

Weekly News

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Introduction to Petroleum Engineering

Weekly News

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Introduction to Petroleum Engineering

Drilling Well Profiles

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Introduction to Petroleum Engineering

Typical Drilling Time Depth Curve

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Introduction to Petroleum Engineering

Main Components of Drilling Rigs

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Power System Hoisting System Rotary System Circulating System Well Control and Monitoring System

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Introduction to Petroleum Engineering

Drilling Rig Power System

Most power is consumed by:
Hoisting System Circulation System

Total power requirements 500 to 3000 HP

Diesel engines compose the majority of power sources on rotary rigs. Natural gas or gasoline engines are getting more popular. The minimum power requirement is around 10 HP every 100 ft depth

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Introduction to Petroleum Engineering

Drilling Rig Hoisting System

Hoisting system is used to lower or raise the drill string, casing string and other subsurface equipment into or out of the hole.
The principal components are:
Derrick and Substructure Block and tackle system Draw works

The Derrick
A structure of steal beams or tubes that can be completely dismantled and reassembled. Provides vertical height to raise sections of pipe. Provides support to the crown block

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Introduction to Petroleum Engineering

Drilling Rig Hoisting System

The main components of the Block and Tackle System are:
The Crown Block The Travelling Block The Drilling Line

The main function is to provide a mechanical advantage which permits easier handling of large loads.

Draw works provide the hoisting and the braking power required to raise or lower the heavy string of pipes.

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Introduction to Petroleum Engineering

Drilling Rig Rotary System

Wells are rotation. drilled by pipe and bit

This system following:

Swivel Kelly Rotary Drive Rotary table Drill Pipe Drill Collar Bit

mainly

includes

the

The swivel supports the weight of the drill string and permits rotation.

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Introduction to Petroleum Engineering

Drilling Rig Rotary System

The kelly is either square or hexagonal to be gripped easily. It is connected to the drill pipes. The kelly transmits the motion of the rotary table to the drill pipes. Rotary drive provides the power to rotate the rotary table. Rotary table supports the weight of the drill string and permits rotation.

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Introduction to Petroleum Engineering

Rotary Drilling Bottom Hole Behaviour

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Introduction to Petroleum Engineering

The Drilling Bit

The drilling bit is the cutting tool which is made up on the end of the drillstring.
The bit drills through the rock by scraping, chipping, gouging or grinding the rock at the bottom of the hole. Drilling fluid is circulated through passage ways in the bit to remove the drilled cuttings.

There are many variations in the design of drill bits.

The bit selected for a application will depend formation being drilled. particular on the

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Introduction to Petroleum Engineering

The Drilling Bit

The drilling bit performance is function of several operating parameters such as:
The weight on bit (WOB) Rotations per minutes (RPM) Mud Properties Hydraulic Efficiency

Three main types of drilling bits:

Drag bits Roller Cone Bits Diamond Bits

Drag bits were the first used in rotary drilling but no longer in common use.

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The Drilling Bit Roller Cone Bits

A roller cone bit is made up of 3 main parts:
The cones The bearings The body of the bit

Each cone has concentric rows of teeth that interfit with the rows of teeth in the adjacent cones. The teeth can be made of:
Steel machined in the cone Tungsten carbide inserts cold-pressed into holes drilled in the cone.

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Introduction to Petroleum Engineering

The Drilling Bit Roller Cone Bits

A roller cone bit is made up of 3 main parts:
The cones The bearings The body of the bit

Each cone has concentric rows of teeth that interfit with the rows of teeth in the adjacent cones. The teeth can be made of:
Steel machined in the cone Tungsten carbide inserts cold-pressed into holes drilled in the cone.

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The Drilling Bit Roller Cone Bits

Bits with steel teeth are used when:
spudding in a well, in a soft formation, at high rotational speeds and where bed thickness makes insert bits not economic.

Bits for soft formations are designed with long, widely spaced teeth to help penetrate in the formation and tear off larger cuttings.

The bits for medium and medium-hard formations have more closely spaced teeth.
The tungsten-carbide insert bits are used to drill very hard abrasive formations. These bits are more expensive.

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Introduction to Petroleum Engineering

The Drilling Bit Diamond Bits

There are 3 types of diamond bits depending on the nature of the cutting element
With natural diamond With PDC (polycrystaline diamond compact cutters) With TSP (with thermally stable polycrystaline diamond compact cutters).

Diamond is the hardest known mineral. Its compressive strength is approximately 80,000 bar (tungsten carbide 50,000 bar and steel 15,000 bar).

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Introduction to Petroleum Engineering

The Drilling Bit Coring Bits

A coring bit does not drill out the centre of the hole but allows this central portion (the core) to pass through the round opening of the bit and into the core barrel.

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Introduction to Petroleum Engineering

The Drilling Bit Coring Bits

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Introduction to Petroleum Engineering

The Drilling Bit Coring Barrel

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Introduction to Petroleum Engineering

The Drilling Bit Cores

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Introduction to Petroleum Engineering

Bit Selection
The goal of bit selection is to obtain the lowest cost per foot. The cost per foot can be calculated by using the equation:

Where C is the overall cost per foot, $/ft; Cb is the cost of the bit, $; Cr is the cost of operating the rig
$/hr; tb is the rotating time with bit on bottom, hours; tt is the round trip time, including connection time, hours; to is the other time, which is not rotating time or trip time, hours; and DD is the total depth as a given total time, ft.

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The Drill String

The drill string is a assemblage of hollow pipes of circular section, extending from the surface to the bottom of the hole. It has three functions:
It takes the drilling bit to the bottom of the hole, while transmitting its rotation and its vertical load to it. It permits the circulation of the drilling fluids to the bottom of the hole It guides and controls the trajectory of the hole.

Starting from the top, the drill string consists of:

A kelly Drill pipes Drill Collars Number of accessory components (e.g. stabilisers, reamers, jars, downhole motors, .) The bit

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Introduction to Petroleum Engineering

The Drill Pipes

The drill pipes are hollow steel pipes of various types with two tool joints welded at their ends.

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The Drill Pipes Classification

Drill pipes are standardised according to API standards.

They are classified on the basis of their: length, outside diameter, linear weight and their steel grade.
The most common drill pipes are the following:
3.5 (13.3 lb/ft) 4.5 (16.6 lb/ft) 5.0 (19.5 lb/ft)

The grade of the steel is indicated by a letter , indicating the type of material, followed by a number which indicates the minimum yield strength.

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The Tool Joints of Drill pipes

It is the enlarged and threaded ends of drillpipes. These components are separate from the pipe body and welded into the pipe at the manufacturers facilities. The tool joints provide high-strength, high-pressure threaded connections that are sufficiently robust to survive the rigors of drilling and numerous cycles of tightening and loosening at threads. The tool joints are usually made of steel that has been treated to a higher strength than the steel of the tube body. The tool joints can be threaded a number of times and they should be protected.

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The Drill Collars

The drill collar is defined as a heavy, tubular connector between drill pipe and a bit.

In drilling operations, the top part of the drill string is in tension while the lower part is in compression; the lengths of the two sections depends on the weight applied on the bit.
Thin-walled drill pipes cannot withstand compression. They may bend and break under axial compression. Therefore, the lower part of the drill string is assembled of heavy pipes. Drill collars were once a few feet long and weighed 400 or 500 pounds. Today because of the increased bit pressure and rapid rotation, collars are made up in 1000-foot lengths and weigh 50 to 100 pounds. The most common diameters of drill collars are: 9.5-in, 8-in and 6.5-in.

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Introduction to Petroleum Engineering

Drill Collars & Drill Pipes

Drill Pipes

Drill Collars

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The Heavy Weight Drill Pipes

Connection of pipes of very different diameters lead to concentration of tensions and to a fatigue in the areas where cross section varies. This coincides with the location of threading which is a weak point. To avoid the danger of breaks, a short stretch of heavy weight drill pipes is inserted. This allows drill pipes and drill collars to be connected without any abrupt diameter changes. The heavy-wall drill pipes are normally made with the same outside diameter as the drill pipes, but with a smaller inside diameter. In practice, they are drill pipes with thick walls, having a linear weight two or three times greater.

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Drill String Accessory Equipment

The drill string is very often fitted with accessory items which serve to resolve technical problems due to the wide variety of drilling conditions. The most common accessory items of equipment are stabilisers, reamers, jars and shock-absorbers. Stabilisers are placed along the bottom hole assembly (BHA), in between the drill collars, to make the string more rigid in the presence of the instability due to combined compressive, buckling and bending stresses. Stabilizers are fundamental for controlling the borehole trajectory both in vertical and in directional wells.

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Introduction to Petroleum Engineering

Drill String Accessory Equipment

Stabilizers consist of a body to which rib blades are applied, expanding the outside diameter of the tool to the nominal diameter of the bit. By changing the composition of the BHA, and in particular the positioning of the stabilizers, the mechanical behaviour of the drill string can be varied, which is useful in controlling the directional drilling operations.

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Introduction to Petroleum Engineering

Drill String Accessory Equipment

Reamers are special stabilisers with roller cutters instead of blades. Mounted on the rollers, there are usually 3 to 6 steel cutters or tungsten carbide inserts. Reamers serve the purpose of reaming wall of the hole, taking it to the nominal diameter of the bit. Eliminating the small variations in diameter means an elimination of any possible stepped profile that might be in the hole, which could make: the application of the weight on the bit uncertain or cause problems with running-in the casing. Reamers are used chiefly in drilling through streaks of hard and abrasive

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Introduction to Petroleum Engineering

Drill String Accessory Equipment

Jars are mechanical devices used downhole to deliver an impact load to another downhole component, especially when that component is stuck. There are two primary types, hydraulic and mechanical jars. While their respective designs are quite different, their operation is the same. Energy is stored in the drillstring and suddenly released by the jar when it fires.

Shock Absorbers is a device placed above the bit to reduce the axial vibrations generated during drilling, which are harmful for both the bit and the drill pipes. These devices are necessary when the vibrations are strong enough to be visible at the surface. In deep wells, the vibrations might not be visible at the surface. In this case other signals are observed, such as slow penetration rate and a particular bit wear pattern.

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Introduction to Petroleum Engineering

Drill String Specification in the well Programme

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Introduction to Petroleum Engineering

Drill String Useful Links

- Drilling Good & short overview - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nlSKA7PkSzo
- Drill Collars: - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g1LE3IMAfY8 - Openhole Fishing: - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7-WqVgksKtk - Chesapeak Drilling - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fBQCQ6HL2Yw&feature= Year 2012 - 2013 endscreen