CIT 384: Network Administration

Subnetting

CIT 384: Network Administration

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Topics
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. IP Addresses Classful and classless addressing Subnet Masks and Prefixes Subnet Math Subnet Problems

CIT 384: Network Administration

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IP Addresses
32-bit integers
One for each network interface. Dotted decimal notation: ii.jj.kk.ll

172 . 16 .
10101100 1 byte 00010000

254 .
11111110

1
00000001

32 bits = 4 bytes
CIT 384: Network Administration Slide #3

Grouping IP Addresses
Groups of consecutive IP addrs are called networks. Routing table would only need 3 entries below.

CIT 384: Network Administration

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Network and Host Parts

IP addresses are divided into two parts
Network ID (like zip code) Host ID (like street address) Network ID Host ID

Two special IP addresses

Network address (e.g. 130.4.0.0) Broadcast address (e.g. 130.4.255.255)
CIT 384: Network Administration Slide #5

Address Classes
Class A: 0.0.0.0-127.255.255.255
8-bit net ID, 24-bit host ID 224 2 hosts per network; 126 networks

Class B: 128.0.0.0-191.255.255.255
16-bit net ID, 16-bit host ID 216 2 hosts per network; 16,384 networks

Class C: 192.0.0.0-223.255.255.255
24-bit net ID, 8-bit host ID (28 2) = 254 hosts per network; 2,097,152 networks

Class D: 224.0.0.0-239.255.255.255
28-bit multicast group ID

Class E: 240.0.0.0-255.255.255.255
Reserved for future use
CIT 384: Network Administration Slide #6

CIDR
Classless Inter-Domain Routing
Classful routing wastes most IP addresses. Allocate addresses on bit boundaries instead of byte boundaries. Allow ISPs/users to decide on boundaries instead of basing on IP addresses.

Prefix notation
/x indicates that first x bits are shared. 192.168.0.0/16 = 192.168.0.0 192.168.255.255
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Public IP Addresses
ICANN assigns network numbers.
Internet Corporation for Assigned Network Numbers. ICANN gives authority to regional orgs, e.g. ARIN (American Registry for Internet Numbers) Typically to ISPs, universities, corporations.

ISP assigns IP addresses within network

CIT 384: Network Administration

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Private RFC1918 IP Addresses

Private IP Networks Network Class Count of Networks

10.0.0.0 172.16.0.0 through 172.31.0.0 192.168.0.0 through 192.168.255.0

A B
C

1 16
256

CIT 384: Network Administration

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IPv4 vs IPv6 Addresses

Feature IPv4 IPv6

Size of Address Example Address

32 bits 10.1.1.1

Abbreviated Address Localhost Possible Addresses

127.0.0.1

232 (~4 billion)

128 bits 0000:0000:0000: 0000:FFFF:FFFF :0A01:0101 ::FFFF:FFFF:0A 01:0101 ::1/128 2128 (~3.4 x 1038)

CIT 384: Network Administration

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Network Mask
How do we list subnets in routing table?
Ex: addresses 150.150.4.0 150.150.4.255 Table: 155.155.4.0 netmask 255.255.255.0

Subnet mask indicates range

Binary 1s indicate network part of address. Binary 0s indicate host part of address. Always consists of 1s followed by 0s.

Prefix notation
Humanly readable form of subnet mask. Just counts the number of binary 1s in mask.
CIT 384: Network Administration Slide #11

Classful Address Ranges and Masks

Class A
NNNNNNNN.HHHHHHHH.HHHHHHHH.HHHHHHHH

Class B
NNNNNNNN.NNNNNNNN.HHHHHHHH.HHHHHHHH

Class C
NNNNNNNN.NNNNNNNN.NNNNNNNN.HHHHHHHH
Class A B C D E Leading Bits 0 10 110 1110 1111 Start 0.0.0.0 End 126.255.255.255 Subnet Mask 255.0.0.0 255.255.0.0 255.255.255.0 N/A N/A CIDR /8 /16 /24 N/A N/A
Slide #12

128.0.0.0 191.255.255.255 192.0.0.0 231.255.255.255 224.0.0.0 239.255.255.255 240.0.0.0 255.255.255.0

CIT 384: Network Administration

Example
IP Address: 137.201.18.42 Address Class: B since 128 < 137 < 191 Default Netmask: 255.255.0.0 Network Address Part: 137.201.0.0 Host Address Part: 0.0.18.42 Broadcast Address: 137.201.255.255 Host Address Range for Network:
137.201.18.1 through 137.201.255.254
CIT 384: Network Administration Slide #13

Why Subnet?
Allows admin to create more networks for:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Address conservation. Organization of hosts. Different physical media. Security. Performance (smaller broadcast domains.)

CIT 384: Network Administration

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IP Addresses with Subnets

Route on network + subnet part of address.

CIT 384: Network Administration

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Subnet Math
Binary <-> Decimal Conversion
Convert each byte of dotted quad into binary. Convert binary byte into 4 decimal values.

Boolean AND operation

0 AND 0 = 0 0 AND 1 = 0 1 AND 0 = 0 1 AND 1 = 1

Convert between dotted quad and prefix.

255.255.255.0 netmask is identical to /24
CIT 384: Network Administration Slide #16

How to find network address?

(IP Address) AND (Subnet Mask)
137.201.18.42 AND 255.255.0.0 10001001.11001001.00010010.00101010

11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000 --------------------------------------------------10001001.11001001.00000000.00000000 (convert from binary to decimal) 137.201.0.0

Slide #17

CIT 384: Network Administration

How to find number of networks?

Address divided between network and host.
If there are s subnet bits and h host bits, then Number of subnets = 2s Number of hosts = 2h 2

Subnet zero
Classful routing reserves 2 subnets so only have 2s 2.
Lowest and highest subnet numbers.

For Class B network 150.150.0.0 reserves

150.150.0.0 (ambiguity with address of whole B) 150.150.255.0/24 (ambiguous broadcast 150.150.255.255)

CIT 384: Network Administration

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Choosing Subnet Mask to meet Design Requirements

Requirements
Class B network 130.1.0.0 Number of subnets: 200 Max hosts per subnet: 200

Problem 1: how many host bits?

Find h, # of host bits, such that 2h >= 200. 27 = 128, 28 = 256, therefore h = 8.

Problem 2: how many subnet bits?

Find s, # of subnet bits, such that 2s >= 200, yields s = 8. NNNNNNNN.NNNNNNNN.SSSSSSSS.HHHHHHHH

Problem 3: find subnet mask

11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000 255.255.255.0
CIT 384: Network Administration Slide #19

Multiple Possible Subnet Masks

In some problems, many subnet masks exist. Ex: change # of subnets from 200 to 50.
Find s, # of subnet bits, such that 2s >= 50, yields s = 6. NNNNNNNN.NNNNNNNN.SSSSSSxx.HHHHHHHH How many possible subnets exist?
11111111 11111111 11111100 (6 subnet bits, 10 host bits) 11111111 11111111 11111110 (7 subnet bits, 9 host bits) 11111111 11111111 11111111 (8 subnet bits, 8 host bits) 11111111 11111111 11111101 (impossible)

Subnet masks
/22 255.255.252.0 (6 subnet bits, 10 host bits, 1022 hosts/sub) /23 255.255.254.0 (7 subnet bits, 9 host bits, 510 hosts/sub) /24 255.255.255.0 (8 subnet bits, 8 host bits, 254 hosts/sub)

Do you want to maximize # subnets or # hosts/subnet?

CIT 384: Network Administration Slide #20

References
1. James Boney, Cisco IOS in a Nutshell, 2nd edition, OReilly, 2005. 2. Cisco, Cisco Connection Documentation, http://www.cisco.com/univercd/home/home.htm 3. Cisco, Internetworking Basics, http://www.cisco.com/univercd/cc/td/doc/cisintw k/ito_doc/introint.htm 4. Matthew Gast, 802.11 Wireless Networks: The Definitive Guide, OReilly, 2005. 5. Wendell Odom, CCNA Official Exam Certification Library, 3rd edition, Cisco Press, 2007.
CIT 384: Network Administration Slide #21