Task

Temperature Sensor
It is time to turn up the heat but first you must learn how to measure it

Temperature Measurement Scales

Relative Scales
Fahrenheit (F) Celsius (C)

Absolute Scales
Rankine (R)

Kelvin (K)

Temperature Measurement Scales

Imperial Fahrenheit (F) / Rankine (R) +/- 460 Metric Celsius (C) / Kelvin (K) +/- 273

212:F

672:R

100:C

373:K

32:F 0:F

492:R 460:R

0:C -18:C

273:K 255:K

Fahrenheit [F] = [C] 9/5 + 32 Celsius [C] = ([F] 32) 5/9 Kelvin [K] = [C] + 273.15 Rankine [R] = [F] + 459.67

-460:F

0:R

-273:C

0:K

Relationship of Temperature Measurement Scales

(F) = 9/5*(C) +32

(C) = 5/9*[(F) 32] (F) = (R) 459.67

(C) = (K) 273.15

Methods of Temperature Measurement

1. Mechanical Methods

2. Electrical Methods

Methods of Temperature Measurement

1. Thermocouples 2. Thermistors

3. Electrical resistance change (RTD)

4. Pyrometers 5. Expansion of materials

Thermocouples
When 2 dissimilar metals are joined together to form a junction, an emf is produced which is proportional to the temperature being sensed.
Seebeck Effect: The generation of current in a circuit comprising of two wires of dissimilar metals in the presence of temperature difference

The magnitude of emf depends on the junction temperature.

Typical Industrial Thermocouple Assembly

Thermocouple Types

TCs are identified by a single letter type and grouped according to their temperature range
Base Metals up to 1000 C
Type J, Type E, Type T, Type K

Noble Metals up to 2000 C

Type R, Type S, Type B

Refractory Metals up to 2600 C

Type C, Type D, Type G

Metal Combinations
TC Type J E T K R S Colours White/Red Purple/Red Blue/Red Yellow/Red Black/Red Black/Red Range C Positive Lead (Coloured) Negative Lead (all Red) Constantan Constantan Constantan Alumel Platinum Platinum

-210 to 1200 Iron -270 to1000 0 to 400 -270 to1372 -50 to 1768 -50 to 1768 Chromel Copper Chromel Platinum-13% rhodium Platinum-10% rhodium

B
C

Grey/Red
WhiteRed/Red

0 to 1700
0 to 2320

Platinum-30% rhodium
Tungsten/5% rhenium

Platinum-6% rhodium
Tungsten 26% rhenium

Chromel = Nickel-chromium Alumel = Nickel-aluminum Constantan = Copper-nickel

Thermocouple Tables

Voltage to Temperature Conversion

Type T Thermocouple (Blue & Red) Reference Junction 0 C C 0 10 20 30 40 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0.000 0.039 0.078 0.117 0.156 0.195 0.234 0.273 0.312 0.352 0.391 0.431 0.470 0.510 0.549 0.589 0.629 0.669 0.709 0.749 0.790 0.830 0.870 0.911 0.951 0.992 1.033 1.074 1.114 1.155 1.196 1.238 1.279 1.320 1.362 1.403 1.445 1.486 1.528 1.570 1.612 1.654 1.696 1.738 1.780 1.823 1.865 1.908 1.950 1.993

1.445 mV equal to temperature ..

Thermocouple Callibration Charts

Voltage to Temperature Conversion

Thermistors

Thermistor, a word formed by combining thermal with resistor, is a temperature-sensitive resistor fabricated from semiconducting materials. The resistance of thermistors decreases proportionally

with increases in temperature.

The operating range can be -200C to + 1000C

Thermistors
The thermistors can be in the shape of a rod, bead or disc.

Manufactured from oxides of nickel, manganese, iron, cobalt, magnesium, titanium and other metals.

Thermistors

The word that best describes the thermistors is sensitive

Thermistor Charts

Resistance to Temperature Conversion

Thermistors
Advantages: Small sizes and fast response Low cost Suitability for narrow spans Disadvantages: More susceptible to permanent decalibration at high temperatures. Use is limited to a few hundred degrees Celsius. Respond quickly to temperature changes, thus, especially susceptible to self-heating errors. Very fragile

Electrical Resistance Change (RTD)

Resistance Temperature Detector- RTD

RTD (Resistance Temperature Detector) is a temperature

sensitive resistor.
It is a positive temperature coefficient device, which means

that the resistance increases with temperature.

The resistive property of the metal is called its resistivity.
The industry standard is the platinum wire RTD (Pt100) whose base resistance is exactly 100.00 ohms at 0.0 C.

Electrical Resistance Change (RTD)

Platinum Wire RTDs (PRTs)

PRTs have established themselves as the de-facto industry standard for temperature measurement, and for many reasons:

linear temperature sensors

Resistance vs temperature characteristics are stable and reproducible

linear positive temperature coefficient (-200 to 800 C) very accurate and suitable for use as a secondary standard

Electrical Resistance Change (RTD)

Platinum Scale

( 0 to 100 C )

Electrical Resistance Change (RTD)

International Practical scale for Temperature

(0 to 650. 30 C)

Electrical Resistance Change (RTD)

International Practical scale for Temperature

(Below 0 C)

Electrical Resistance Change (RTD)

International Practical scale for Temperature

Electrical Resistance Change (RTD) Other RTDs

10 ohms Copper RTD - .00427 coefficients

100 ohms Platinum RTD - .00385 coefficients

(new IEC) 100 ohms Platinum RTD - .00392 coefficients (old)

120 ohms Nickel RTD - .00672 coefficient
604 ohms Nickel-Iron RTD - .00518 coefficients
All base resistances are specified at a temperature of 0 degrees C A Pt1000 will have a base resistance of 1000 ohms at 0 deg. C

RTDs with a bridge circuit Only practical if the RTD lead wires are short. In many applications the RTD is located far from the conditioning circuit adding extra resistance because the length of the copper lead wire. Cu = 0.0302 per ft. How much error will 100 ft length of Cu lead wire introduce?

Most RTDs have an extra wire to compensate for the length of lead wire.

RTD Colour Code

Not standardized but this is common colour arrangement. Some (like in the lab) will use BLK-BLK-RED

Pyrometer

Pyrometry is a technique for measuring temperature without physical contact An apparatus for measuring high temperatures that uses the radiation emitted by a hot body as a basis for measurement.

Radiation pyrometers ( measurement of radiant energy)

Radiation Pyrometer Radiation pyrometers

Radiation Pyrometer Optical pyrometers (600 to 3000 C)

basic principle of using the human eye to match the brightness

of the hot object to the brightness of a calibrated lamp

filament inside the instrument Compare incident radiation to internal filament radiation

Expansion Thermometers

Bimetallic Thermometer

(Expansion of solids)

Effect of unequal expansion of a bimetallic strip

-Different metals have difference coefficient. -Configured as spiral or helix for compactness - Can be used with a pointer to make an inexpensive compact rugged thermometer.
Bimetallic thermometer

Expansion Thermometers

Bimetallic Thermometer

(Expansion of solids)

Expansion Thermometers

Bimetallic Thermometer

(Expansion of solids)

Thermal expansion methods: Bimetallic sensors

Expansion Thermometers

Filled Thermal Systems

(Filled System Thermometer, Filled Bulb Thermometer)

Similar operation as the liquid in glass

Bulb Capillary tube Pressure element Scale

Spiral Type Bourdon Tube

Expansion Thermometers

Filled Thermal System Classes

(Filled System Thermometer, Filled Bulb Thermometer)

Class l A,B

Liquid filled

Class ll A,B,C,D Vapour filled Class lll A,B Gas filled

Class V A,B

Mercury Filled

Expansion Thermometers

Filled Thermal System Classes

(Filled System Thermometer, Filled Bulb Thermometer)

Class l:

Temperature Range -125 F to + 600 F

Response
Slowest Fastest Fast

Class ll: -40 to 32 or 32 to 600 F Class lll: -450 F to +1400 F Class V: -40 F to +1200 F

Fast

Data Required to Provide Measurement of Process Temperature

Data Required to Provide Measurement of Process Temperature

Data Required to Provide Measurement of Process Temperature

Data Required to Provide Measurement of Process Temperature

Criteria for Selecting a Suitable Temperature Measuring Instrument

Summary of Temperature Sensor Characteristics

Summary of Temperature Sensor Characteristics