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Wheel Loader
Why both are such great machines
Cedric Otzenberger, LFR September, 2006
21st century
(Le Tourneau)
41 m3
1. Generalities
Hard Rock High Penetration Force Tight Quarters NO travel High Dumping Height Abrasive Material Rough Floor
Super -
Strictly Rehandling Easy Digging Open Space MUST travel (Lower Dumping Height) Nonabrasive Material Smooth Floor
- Super
Hydraulic Shovel
Wheel Loader
Lousy -
- Lousy
Wheel Loader
Strictly Rehandling Easy Digging Open Space MUST travel (Lower Dumping Height) Nonabrasive Material Smooth Floor
This is what the Wheel Loader originally was designed to This is still today where it excels.
Wheel Loader
Strictly Rehandling Easy Digging Open Space MUST travel (Lower Dumping Height) Smooth Material etc. Smooth Floor
Wheel Loader
Large Bucket Capacity High Ratio of Bucket capacity to Operating weight This, by the way, was in 180 contrast to the only loading machine known then - the cable shovel. Easy travel and steering (highly maneuverable) Fast travel speed Rubber tires etc.
These facts made it new, interesting, promising and lent it immediate success.
1. Generalities
1- To move the bucket into the material the whole machine has to move
To move the bucket into the material the whole machine has to move
Total weight of machine has to be accelerated from zero to maximum speed FOUR times each cycle Total weight of machine has to be braked down from maximum speed to a dead stop THREE times each cycle The fourth time the whole machine weight runs into the material trying to help filling the bucket
1- To move the bucket into the material the whole machine has to move 2- The bucket has to stay at floor level to clear the way for the tires
The bucket has to stay at floor level to clear the way for tires
The bucket has to stay at floor level to clear the way for tires
?
What, if it's harder material?
The bucket can penetrate anywhere within the attachment digging envelope
1- To move the bucket into the material the whole machine has to move 2- The bucket has to stay at floor level to clear the way for the tires 3- The bucket HAS to be as wide as the whole machine
The bucket MUST clear a wide enough path for the tires to avoid damaging them This makes buckets relatively wide and spreads penetrating forces thin If the bucket is not wide enough.
(no comment)
The bucket HAS to be as wide as the whole machine The wheel loader bucket MUST be as wide as the machine.
The bucket could be as narrow as the attachment The hydraulic shovel can choose the width of its bucket.
The hydraulic shovel can penetrate the material from a stand still at any angle. The wheel loader can not !
1- To move the bucket into the material the whole machine has to move 2- The bucket has to stay at floor level to clear the way for the tires 3- The bucket HAS to be as wide as the whole machine 4- Penetration force depends on the friction value of the rubber tires
Weight of total machine x Tire friction coefficient 0.4 to 0.85 0.4 to 0.8 0.55 to 0.75 0.55 to 0.75 0.05 to 0.1 0.1 to 0.55
Friction coefficient for rubber on dry gravel wet gravel dry rock wet rock wet ice dry snow
(This is why data sheets may show "tractive effort" but not crowd force)
When the going gets tough (abrasive), the wheel loader can/will use chains to protect its tires
Note: The friction coefficient of steel on rock is considerably less than the one of rubber on rock, resulting in greatly reduced penetrating force
1- To move the bucket into the material the whole machine has to move 2- The bucket has to stay at floor level to clear the way for the tires 3- The bucket HAS to be as wide as the whole machine 4- Penetration force depends on the friction value of the rubber tires 5- Any type shock the bucket lip gets is passed on to the whole machine
Any type shock the bucket lip gets is passed on to the whole machine
Any type shock the bucket lip gets is passed on to the whole machine
1. Generalities
The hydraulic shovel Hard Rock .. Strictly Rehandling High Penetration Force .. Easy Digging The hydraulic shovel was designed Tight Quarters .. Open Space to excel where thetravel wheel loader NO travel .. MUST is weak by design. High Dumping Height .. (Lower Dumping Height) Abrasive Material .. Nonabrasive Material Rough Floor .. Smooth Floor
The hydraulic shovel is a loading machine of its own It avoids many of the short comings of the Cable Shovel and . . .
1 Hard Rock .. 2 High Penetration Force .. 3 Tight Quarters .. 4 NO travel .. 5 High Dumping Height .. 6 Abrasive Material .. Rough Floor .. 7
Strictly Rehandling Easy Digging Open Space MUST travel (Lower Dumping Height) Nonabrasive Material Smooth Floor
Hard Rock
Hard Rock
REAL*
High Break-out force
2 High Penetration Force .. 3 Tight Quarters .. 4 NO travel .. 5 High Dumping Height .. 6 Abrasive Material .. Rough Floor .. 7
Easy Digging Open Space MUST travel (Lower Dumping Height) Nonabrasive Material Smooth Floor
Wheel loader: The machine's total penetrating force is as high as its tractive effort, which is limited by the available friction between tires and ground.
This actually available digging force has to be divided by the width of the bucket to get the real or "specific" force per meter of cutting edge
5,7m
Cat 994F 17 m3 R 9350 18 m3
4,1 m
The wheel loader will always have (to have) a wider bucket than the hydraulic shovel
So even with the identical data sheet crowd force/tractive effort, the shovel has a higher specific force = more kN per meter of cutting edge
Breakout force is the available force at the bucket teeth to break the material and fill the bucket once the crowd motion stops.
Cat 994F 17 m3
R 9350 18 m3
Cat 994F 17 m3
100
Per SAE regulation the breakout force for a wheel loader bucket is calculated 100mm (4) behind its cutting edge.
Cat 994F 17 m3
Calculated Breakout Force per Data sheet REAL Breakout Force in the Material
100
Much smaller
Cylinder force
Cylinder force
Hydraulic Shovel - Breakout Leverage Theoretical breakout force lever length = Bucket radius Cylinder force Cylinder force lever
In contrast to the wheel loader, per SAE regulation the breakout force for a Hydraulic Shovel bucket is calculated at the tip of the teeth
REAL Breakout force in the material plus additional Breakout force from the machine's down pressure
3 Tight Quarters .. 4 NO travel .. 5 High Dumping Height .. 6 Abrasive Material .. Rough Floor .. 7
Open Space MUST travel (Lower Dumping Height) Nonabrasive Material Smooth Floor
Loading of trucks with wheel loader requires a lot of room in the loading area
Minimum required space: only for truck positioning / loading and for the shovel itself
Muck pile
A lot of movement at the face and loading area is required in order to properly position the wheel loader This will also lead to effectively and efficiently load haul trucks
Muck pile
The hydraulic shovel can penetrate the material from a stand still at any angle
Truck
The hydraulic shovel can also load trucks from the same stand still
5 High Dumping Height .. (Lower Dumping Height) 6 Abrasive Material .. Nonabrasive Material Rough Floor .. Smooth Floor 7
The wheel loader lifting capacity is always lower than the comparable hydraulic shovel model Wheel loaders are often equipped with an optional high lift arrangement in order to match the existing mine truck fleet
Bad view
177 tonnes 190 tons
Cat 994F 17 m3
Compared to wheel loaders, hydraulic shovel have several advantages in terms of truck loading situations
Enough space between the excavator and the truck Can easily pile up the truck R 9350 18 m3
Compared to wheel loaders, hydraulic shovel have several advantages in terms of truck loading situations
Cat 994F 17 m3
Max dump height = 7,60m
R 9350 18 m3
Max dump height = 11,20m
Free Flowing
Very well blasted materials
Well Fragmented
Tightly Shot
Consolidated
In poorly fragmented or abrasive materials, the hydraulic excavator performs better than any other loading tool
Crowd and breakout forces increase loading efficiency by increasing bucket fill factors
Wheel Loaders used in severe loading applications have shown poor tire life cycles
The use of protective chains increases the tire lifetime but decreases the wheel loader adhesion i.e. penetrating force
Hydraulic shovel can work, without restrictions, on varying ground conditions within the pit
1. Generalities
Bad operators comfort Digging only possible on ground level Good cleaning of floor not feasible Requires firm ground conditions Not suitable for direct digging applications Not suitable for drop-ball application
Productivity
Longer cycles (due to higher number of movements per pass) Lower breakout and crowd forces Less productive in bad shots
Operating cost
Significant cost for tires and protection chains Higher power-demand and thus higher fuel consumption for comparable
productivity
Thank you