Kyle Hogrefe continued

Arc Hydro, Arc Marine

Terrestrial

marinecoastalgis.net/kyle08

Terrain Analysis
Slope (Landslide susceptibility) Aspect (Solar insolation, vegetation) Catchment or dispersal area (Runoff
volume, soil drainage)

Flow path (Distance of water flow to point) Profiles, fence diagrams Viewshed (visibility) Indices (e.g., TPI/BPI, rugosity)

Slope and Aspect

measured from an elevation or bathymetry raster
compare elevations of points in a 3x3 neighborhood slope and aspect at one point estimated from its elevation and that of surrounding 8 points
number points row by row, from top left from 1 to 9

1 4 7

2 5 8

3 6 9

Typical Slope Calculation

b = (z3 + 2z6 + z9 - z1 - 2z4 - z7) / 8D c = (z1 + 2z2 + z3 - z7 - 2z8 - z9) / 8D
b denotes slope in the x direction c denotes slope in the y direction D is the spacing of points (30 m)

find the slope that fits best to the 9 elevations minimizes the total of squared differences between point elevation and the fitted slope 2 3 weighting four closer neighbors higher 1

tan (slope) = sqrt (b2 + c2)

4 7

5 8

6 9

Slope Definitions
Slope defined as an angle or rise over horizontal run or rise over actual run various methods
important to know how your favorite GIS calculates slope

Slope Definitions (cont.)

Aspect
tan (aspect) = b/c
b denotes slope in the x direction c denotes slope in the y direction

1 4 7

2 5 8

3 6 9

Angle between vertical and direction of steepest slope Measured clockwise add 180 to aspect if c is positive, 360 to aspect if c is negative and b is positive

Benthic Terrain Modeler

Dawn Wright Emily Lundblad*, Emily Larkin^, Ron Rinehart

Dept. of Geosciences, Oregon State University

Josh Murphy, Lori Cary-Kothera, Kyle Draganov

NOAA Coastal Services Center
GIS Training for Marine Resource Management Monterey, June 13, 2005

Photo by

Maps courtesy of National Park of American Samoa

Artwork by Jayne Doucette, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution

By former OrSt grad student Emily Larkin

FBNMS: Some Major Issues

Natural & human impacts
Crown-of-thorns invasion, hurricanes, bleaching Illegal fishing, sewage outfall

Photos courtesy of NOAA National Marine Sanctuary System

OrSt & USF Earliest Multibeam Surveys

By OrSt grad student Emily Lundblad

Completed by NOAA CRED

By OrSt grad student Kyle Hogrefe

Benthic Habitat Pilot Area, DMWR

Fagatele Bay National Marine Sanctuary, 2001 bathy

Bathymetric Position Index

(from TPI, Jones et al., 2000; Weiss, 2001; Iampietro & Kvitek, 2002)

Measure of where a point is in the overall land- or seascape Compares elevation of cell to mean elevation of neighborhood

(after Weiss 2001)

Bathymetric Position Index

bpi<scalefactor> = int((bathy - focalmean(bathy, annulus, irad, orad)) + .5)

Algorithm compares each cells elevation to the mean elevation of the surrounding cells in an annulus or ring.
resolution = 3 m

irad = 2 cells (6 m)
orad = 4 cells (12 m) scalefactor = resolution * orad = 36 m Negative bpi = depression Positive bpi = crest Zero bpi = constant slope or flat
-3m-

|---2---||---------4-------|

Broadscale Zones from BPI

A surficial characteristic of the seafloor based on a bathymetric position index value range at a broad scale & slope values.

(1) Crests

(3) Flats

(2) Depressions
if (B-BPI >= 100) out_zones = 1

(4) Slopes

else if (B-BPI > -100 and B-BPI < 100 and slope <= gentle) out_zones = 3

Finescale Structures from BPI

A surficial characteristic of the seafloor based on a BPI value range at a combined fine scale & broad scale, slope & depth
1. Narrow depression 2. Local depression on flat 3. Lateral midslope depression 8. Open slopes 9. Local crest in depression 10. Local crest on flat

4. Depression on crest

11. Lateral midslope crest

5. Broad depression with an open bottom 12. Narrow crest 6. Broad flat 7. Shelf 13. Steep slope

BPI Zone and Structure

Classification
Flowchart

Emily Lundblad, OrSt M.S. Thesis

Structure Classification Decision Tree

Emily Lundblad, OrSt M.S. Thesis

Emily Lundblad, OrSt M.S. Thesis

Fish Abundance & BPI

Courtesy of Pat Iampietro, CSU-MB, ESRI UC 2003

2005 HURL Sub & ROV surveys

Kaimikai-o-Kanaloa Pisces IV or V

RCV-150

Rugosity
Measure of how rough or bumpy a surface is, how convoluted and complex Ratio of surface area to planar area

Surface area based on elevations of 8 neighbors

3D view of grid on the left

Center pts of 9 cells connected To make 8 triangles

Portions of 8 triangles overlapping center cell used for surface area

Graphics courtesy of Jeff Jenness, Jenness Enterprises, and Pat Iampietro, CSU-MB

Emily Lundblad, OrSt M.S. Thesis

BTM Methodology
Step One Step Two Slope Classification Dictionary Benthic Terrain Step Three Step Four

Bathymetry

+ Fine BPI

+ Broad BPI

Classification Wizard

Help Pages

Standardization Over Multiple Areas

Classification Dictionary

Classification Dictionary

Classification Dictionary

Use of Terrain Analysis Tools

Look at version # (e.g., v. 1.0, and all that that
implies!)

Careful study of your own data

BPI scale factors Fledermaus Viz and Profile Control helped in conjunction

Customized classification schemes ArcGIS 9.x w/ latest Service Pack? > 2.0 GHz processor, > 1 Gb disk space

Animated Terrain Flyovers

Dr. K, OSU and Aileen Buckley, ESRI

Our Tools Portal dusk.geo.orst.edu/djl/samoa/tools.html

Image courtesy of FBNMS

Other Resources
GEO 580 web site - links GIS@OSU, Data & Software
www.geo.oregonstate.edu/ucgis/datasoft.html

Wilson and Gallant (ed.), Terrain Analysis ESRI Virtual Campus library
campus.esri.com/campus/library

Gateway to the Literature

Guisan, A., Weiss, S.B., Weiss, A.D., 1999. GLM versus CCA spatial modeling of plant species distribution. Plant Ecology, 143: 107-122.

Jenness, J. 2003. Grid Surface Areas: Surface Area and Ratios from Elevation Grids [Electronic manual]. Jenness Enterprises: ArcView
Extensions. http://www.jennessent.com/arcview/arcview_extensions.htm Jones, K., Bruce, et al., 2000. Assessing landscape conditions relative to water resources in the western United States: A strategic approach, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 64: 227-245. Lundblad, E., Wright, D.J., Miller, J., Larkin, E.M., Rinehart, R., Battista, T., Anderson, S.M., Naar, D.F., and Donahue, B.T., A benthic terrain classification scheme for American Samoa, Marine Geodesy, 26(2), 2006. http://dusk.geo.orst.edu/mgd2006_preprint.pdf Rinehart, R., D. Wright, E. Lundblad, E. Larkin, J. Murphy, and L. CaryKothera, 2004. ArcGIS 8.x Benthic Habitat Extension: Analysis in American Samoa. In Proceedings of the 24th Annual ESRI User Conference. San Diego, CA, August 9-13. Paper 1433. http://dusk.geo.orst.edu/esri04/p1433_ron.html

Weiss, Andy, 2001. Topographic Positions and Landforms Analysis (Conference Poster). ESRI International User Conference. San Diego, CA, July 9-13.

Gateway to the Literature

Wright, D.J. and Heyman, W.D., 2008, Marine and coastal GIS for geomorphology, habitat mapping, and marine reserves, Marine Geodesy, 31(4): 1-8, 2009. Sappington, J.M., Longshore, K.M., Thompson. D.B., 2007, Quantifying landscape ruggedness for animal habitat analysis: A case study using bighorn sheep in the Mojave Desert. J. of Wildlife Management, 71(5): 1419-1427. Dunn, D.C. and Halpin, P.N., 2009, Rugosity-based regional modeling of hard-bottom habitat. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 377: 1-11. doi:10.3354/meps07839 Borruso, G., 2008. Network density estimation: A GIS approach for analysing point patterns in a network space. Transactions in GIS, 12(3): 377-402.