1c. Functions of Several Variables - PPT - 07

2010 Pearson Education Inc.
Goldstein/Schneider/Lay/Asmar, CALCULUS AND ITS APPLICATIONS, 12e Slide 1 of 62

Chapter 7

Functions of Several Variables
2010 Pearson Education Inc. Goldstein/Schneider/Lay/Asmar, CALCULUS AND ITS APPLICATIONS, 12e Slide 2 of 62
Examples of Functions of Several Variables
Partial Derivatives
Maxima and Minima of Functions of Several Variables
Lagrange Multipliers and Constrained Optimization
The Method of Least Squares
Double Integrals
Chapter Outline
7.1

Examples of Functions of Several Variables
Functions of More Than One Variable
Cost of Material
Tax and Homeowner Exemption
Level Curves
Section Outline
Definition Example
Function of Several
Variables: A function
that has more than one
independent variable
( )
w z
xy
w z y x f
=
5
, , ,
2
EXAMPLE
SOLUTION
Let . Compute g(1, 1) and g(0, -1). ( )
2 2
2 , y x y x g + =
( ) 3 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 , 1
2 2
= + = + = g
( ) ( ) 2 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 , 0
2
2
= + = + = g
Cost of Material
EXAMPLE
SOLUTION
(Cost) Find a formula C(x, y, z) that gives the cost of material for the
rectangular enclose in the figure, with dimensions in feet, assuming that the
material for the top costs $3 per square foot and the material for the back and
two sides costs $5 per square foot.
TOP LEFT SIDE RIGHT SIDE BACK
3 5 5 5
xy yz yz xz
Area (sq ft)
Cost (per sq ft)
Cost of Material
The total cost is the sum of the amount of cost for each side of the enclosure,
CONTINUED
| | | | . 5 feet square in side back of area back of foot square per cost xz =
Similarly, the cost of the top is 3xy. Continuing in this way, we see that the
total cost is
( ) . 5 10 3 5 5 5 3 , , xz yz xy xz yz yz xy z y x C + + = + + + =
Tax & Homeowner Exemption
EXAMPLE
(Tax and Homeowner Exemption) The value of residential property for tax
purposes is usually much lower than its actual market value. If v is the market
value, then the assessed value for real estate taxes might be only 40% of v.
Suppose the property tax, T, in a community is given by the function

where v is the estimated market value of a property (in dollars), x is a
homeowners exemption (a number of dollars depending on the type of
property), and r is the tax rate (stated in dollars per hundred dollars) of net
assessed value.
Determine the real estate tax on a property valued at $200,000 with a
homeowners exemption of $5000, assuming a tax rate of $2.50 per hundred
dollars of net assessed value.
( ) ( ), 4 . 0
100
, , x v
r
x v r f T = =
Tax & Homeowner Exemption
SOLUTION
We are looking for T. We know that v = 200,000, x = 5000 and r = 2.50.
Therefore, we get
( ) ( ) . 1875 5000 000 , 200 4 . 0
100
5 . 2
5000 , 000 , 200 , 5 . 2 = = = f T
CONTINUED
So, the real estate tax on the property with the given characteristics is $1875.
Level Curves
Definition Example
Level Curves: For a
function f (x, y), a
family of curves with
equations f (x, y) = c
where c is any constant
An example
immediately follows.
Level Curves
EXAMPLE
SOLUTION
Find a function f (x, y) that has the curve y = 2/x
2
as a level curve.
2
/ 2 x y =
Since level curves occur where f (x, y) = c, then we must rewrite y = 2/x
2
in that
form.
This is the given equation of
the level curve.
0 / 2
2
= x y
Subtract 2/x
2
from both sides
so that the left side resembles
a function of the form f (x, y).
Therefore, we can say that y 2/x
2
= 0 is of the form f (x, y) = c, where c = 0.
So, f (x, y) = y 2/x
2
.
7.2

Partial Derivatives
Partial Derivatives
Computing Partial Derivatives
Evaluating Partial Derivatives at a Point
Local Approximation of f (x, y)
Demand Equations
Second Partial Derivative
Section Outline
Partial Derivatives
Definition Example
Partial Derivative of f (x, y)
with respect to x: Written ,
the derivative of f (x, y),
where y is treated as a
constant and f (x, y) is
considered as a function of x
alone
If , then
x
f
c
c
( )
4 3
2 , y x y x f =
. 8
and 6
3 3
4 2
y x
y
f
y x
x
f
=
c
c
=
c
c
EXAMPLE
SOLUTION
Compute for
To compute , we only differentiate factors (or terms) that contain x and
we interpret y to be a constant.
This is the given function.
( ) . ln ,
3 2
y e x y x f
x
=
x
f
c
c
( ) y e x y x f
x
ln ,
3 2
=
Use the product rule where
f (x) = x
2
and g(x) = e
3x
.
( )( ) ( )( ) | |
2 3 3
3 2 ln x e e x y
x
f
x x
+ =
c
c
y
f
x
f
c
c
c
c
and
To compute , we only differentiate factors (or terms) that contain y and
we interpret x to be a constant.
y
f
c
c
This is the given function. ( ) y e x y x f
x
ln ,
3 2
=
Differentiate ln y.
CONTINUED
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
c
c
y
e x
y
f
x
1
3 2
EXAMPLE
SOLUTION
Compute for
To compute , we treat every variable other than L as a constant. Therefore
This is the given function.
( ) . 3 , LK K L f =
L
f
c
c
L
f
c
c
( ) LK K L f 3 , =
Rewrite as an exponent. ( ) ( )
2 1
3 , LK K L f =
Bring exponent inside
parentheses.
( )
2 1 2 1
3 , K L K L f =
Note that K is a constant. ( ) ( )
2 1 2 1
3 , L K K L f =
Differentiate. ( )
L
K
L K
L
f
2
3
3
2
1
2 1 2 1
= =
c
c

Evaluating Partial Derivatives at a Point
EXAMPLE
SOLUTION
Let Evaluate at (x, y, z) = (2, -1, 3). ( ) . 5 , ,
2
+ = z xy z y x f
y
f
c
c
( ) ( )( )( ) . 12 3 1 2 2 3 , 1 , 2 , 2 = =
c
c
=
c
c
y
f
xyz
y
f
EXAMPLE
SOLUTION
Let Interpret the result ( ) . 5 , ,
2
+ = z xy z y x f ( ) . 12 3 , 1 , 2 =
c
c
y
f
We showed in the last example that ( ) . 12 3 , 1 , 2 =
c
c
y
f
This means that if x and z are kept constant and y is allowed to vary near -1,
then f (x, y, z) changes at a rate 12 times the change in y (but in a negative
direction). That is, if y increases by one small unit, then f (x, y, z) decreases by
approximately 12 units. If y increases by h units (where h is small), then f (x, y,
z) decreases by approximately 12h. That is,
( ) ( ) . 12 3 , 1 , 2 3 , 1 , 2 h f h f ~ +
Demand Equations
EXAMPLE
SOLUTION
The demand for a certain gas-guzzling car is given by f (p
1
, p
2
), where p
1
is
the price of the car and p
2
is the price of gasoline. Explain why and 0
1
<
c
c
p
f
is the rate at which demand for the car changes as the price of the car
changes. This partial derivative is always less than zero since, as the price of
the car increases, the demand for the car will decrease (and visa versa).
. 0
2
<
c
c
p
f
1
p
f
c
c
is the rate at which demand for the car changes as the price of gasoline
changes. This partial derivative is always less than zero since, as the price of
gasoline increases, the demand for the car will decrease (and visa versa).
2
p
f
c
c
Second Partial Derivative
EXAMPLE
SOLUTION
Let . Find
.
2
y x
f
c c
c
We first note that This means that to compute , we

must take the partial derivative of with respect to x.
( )
3 4
, y y x xe y x f
y
+ + =
.
2
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
c
c
=
c c
c
y
f
x y x
f
y x
f
c c
c
2
y
f
c
c
( )
3 2 4
2
4 3 x e y x xe
x y
f
x y x
f
y y
+ = + +
c
c
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
c
c
=
c c
c
7.3

Maxima and Minima of Functions of Several
Variables
Relative Maxima and Minima
First Derivative Test for Functions of Two Variables
Second Derivative Test for Functions of Two Variables
Finding Relative Maxima and Minima
Section Outline
Relative Maxima & Minima
Definition Example
Relative Maximum of f (x, y):
f (x, y) has a relative
maximum when x = a, y = b
if f (x, y) is at most equal to
f (a, b) whenever x is near a
and y is is near b.

Examples are forthcoming.
Definition Example
Relative Minimum of f (x, y):
f (x, y) has a relative
minimum when x = a, y = b if
f (x, y) is at least equal to
f (a, b) whenever x is near a
and y is is near b.

Examples are forthcoming.
First-Derivative Test
If one or both of the partial derivatives does not exist, then there is no
relative maximum or relative minimum.
Second-Derivative Test
Finding Relative Maxima & Minima
EXAMPLE
SOLUTION
Find all points (x, y) where f (x, y) has a possible relative maximum or
minimum. Then use the second-derivative test to determine, if possible, the
nature of f (x, y) at each of these points. If the second-derivative test is
inconclusive, so state.
( ) 22 16 4 3 2 ,
2 2
+ + + = y x y xy x y x f
We first use the first-derivative test.
4 2 2 + =
c
c
y x
x
f
16 6 2 + =
c
c
y x
y
f
Now we set both partial derivatives equal to 0 and then solve each for y.
0 4 2 2 = + y x 0 16 6 2 = + y x
CONTINUED
2 + = x y
3
8
3
1
+ = x y
Now we may set the equations equal to each other and solve for x.
3
8
3
1
2 + = + x x
8 6 3 + = + x x
8 6 2 = + x
2 2 = x
1 = x
We now determine the corresponding value of y by replacing x with 1 in the
equation y = x + 2.
CONTINUED
3 2 1 = + = y
So we now know that if there is a relative maximum or minimum for the
function, it occurs at (1, 3). To determine more about this point, we employ the
second-derivative test. To do so, we must first calculate
( ) . ,
2
2
2
2
2
2
|
|
.
|
\
|
c c
c
c
c
c
c
=
y x
f
y
f
x
f
y x D
Since , we know, by the second-derivative test,
that f (x, y) has a relative maximum at (1, 3).
CONTINUED
( ) 0 and 0 ,
2
<
c c
c
>
y x
f
y x D
( ) 2 4 2 2
2
2
= +
c
c
=
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
c
c
=
c
c
y x
x x
f
x x
f
( ) 6 16 6 2
2
2
= +
c
c
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
c
c
=
c
c
y x
y y
f
y y
f
( ) 2 16 6 2
2
= +
c
c
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
c
c
=
c c
c
y x
x y
f
x y x
f
( ) ( ) 8 2 6 2 ,
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
= =
|
|
.
|
\
|
c c
c
c
c
c
c
=
y x
f
y
f
x
f
y x D
EXAMPLE
SOLUTION
A monopolist manufactures and sells two competing products, call them I and
II, that cost $30 and $20 per unit, respectively, to produce. The revenue from
marketing x units of product I and y units of product II is

Find the values of x and y that maximize the monopolists profits.
( ) . 2 . 0 1 . 0 04 . 0 112 98 ,
2 2
y x xy y x y x R + =
We first use the first-derivative test.
x y
x
R
2 . 0 04 . 0 98 =
c
c
y x
y
R
4 . 0 04 . 0 112 =
c
c
Now we set both partial derivatives equal to 0 and then solve each for y.
CONTINUED
Now we may set the equations equal to each other and solve for x.
0 2 . 0 04 . 0 98 = x y 0 4 . 0 04 . 0 112 = y x
2450 5 + = x y 280 1 . 0 + = x y
280 1 . 0 2450 5 + = + x x
280 2450 9 . 4 = + x
2170 9 . 4 = x
443 ~ x
We now determine the corresponding value of y by replacing x with 443 in the
equation y = -0.1x + 280.
CONTINUED
( ) 236 280 443 1 . 0 ~ + = y
So we now know that revenue is maximized at the point (443, 236). Lets
verify this using the second-derivative test. To do so, we must first calculate
( ) . ,
2
2
2
2
2
2
|
|
.
|
\
|
c c
c
c
c
c
c
=
y x
R
y
R
x
R
y x D
Since , we know, by the second-derivative test,
that R(x, y) has a relative maximum at (443, 236).
CONTINUED
( ) 0 and 0 ,
2
<
c c
c
>
y x
R
y x D
( ) 2 . 0 2 . 0 04 . 0 98
2
2
=
c
c
=
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
c
c
=
c
c
x y
x x
R
x x
R
( ) 4 . 0 4 . 0 04 . 0 112
2
2
=
c
c
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
c
c
=
c
c
y x
y y
R
y y
R
( ) 04 . 0 4 . 0 04 . 0 112
2
=
c
c
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
c
c
=
c c
c
y x
x y
R
x y x
R
( ) ( )( ) ( ) 0784 . 0 04 . 0 4 . 0 2 . 0 ,
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
= =
|
|
.
|
\
|
c c
c
c
c
c
c
=
y x
R
y
R
x
R
y x D
7.4

Lagrange Multipliers and Constrained
Optimization
Background and Steps for Lagrange Multipliers
Using Lagrange Multipliers
Lagrange Multipliers in Application
Section Outline
Optimization
In this section, we will optimize an objective equation f (x, y) given a constraint
equation g(x, y). However, the methods of chapter 2 will not work, so we must
do something different. Therefore we must use the following equation and
theorem.
( ) ( ) ( ) y x g y x f y x F , , , , + =
Steps For Lagrange Multipliers
L-1
L-2
L-3
EXAMPLE
SOLUTION
Maximize the function , subject to the constraint
2 2
y x +
We have and
( ) ( ). 3 2 , ,
2 2
+ + + = y x y x y x F
0 2 2 = + =
c
c
x
x
F
. 0 3 2 = + y x
( ) ( ) 3 2 , , ,
2 2
+ = + = y x y x g y x y x f
The equations L-1 to L-3, in this case, are
0 2 = + =
c
c
y
y
F
. 0 3 2 = + =
c
c
y x
F
From the first two equations we see that
CONTINUED
. 2y x = =
Therefore,
. 2y x =
Substituting this expression for x into the third equation, we derive
0 3 2 = + y x
( ) 0 3 2 2 = + y y
0 3 5 = y
5
3
= y
Using y = 3/5, we find that
CONTINUED
=
|
.
|
\
|
=
=
|
.
|
\
|
=
.
5
6
5
3
2
5
6
5
3
2
x
So the maximum value of x
2
+ y
2
with x and y subject to the constraint occurs
when x = 6/5, y = 3/5, and That maximum value is . 5 / 6 =
. 8 . 1
25
45
25
9
25
36
5
3
5
6
2 2
= = + =
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
.
|
\
|
EXAMPLE
SOLUTION
Four hundred eighty dollars are available to fence in a rectangular garden. The
fencing for the north and south sides of the garden costs $10 per foot and the
fencing for the east and west sides costs $15 per foot. Find the dimensions of
the largest possible garden.
Let x represent the length of the garden on the north and south sides and y
represent the east and west sides. Since we want to use all $480, we know that
. 480 15 15 10 10 = + + + y y x x
We can simplify this constraint equation as follows.
( ) 0 480 30 20 , = + = y x y x g
We must now determine the objective function. Since we wish to maximize
area, our objective function should be about the quantity area.
The area of the rectangular garden is xy. Therefore, our objective equation is
( ) . , xy y x f A = =
Therefore,
CONTINUED
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ). 480 30 20 , , , , + + = + = y x xy y x g y x f y x F
Now we calculate L-1, L-2, and L-3.
0 20 = + =
c
c
y
x
F
0 30 = + =
c
c
x
y
F
0 480 30 20 = + =
c
c
y x
F
From the first two equations we see that
CONTINUED
.
30 20
x y
= =
Therefore,
.
3
2
x y =
Substituting this expression for y into the third equation, we derive
0 480 30 20 = + y x
0 480
3
2
30 20 =
|
.
|
\
|
+ x x
0 480 20 20 = + x x
12 = x
Using x = 12, we find that
CONTINUED
( )
= =
= =
.
5
2
30
12
8 12
3
2
y
So the maximum value of xy with x and y subject to the constraint occurs when
x = 12, y = 8, and That maximum value is . 5 / 2 =
( )( ) . feet square 96 8 12 =
7.5

The Method of Least Squares
Least Squares Error
Least Squares Line (Regression Line)
Determining a Least Squares Line
Section Outline
Least Squares Error
Definition Example
Least Squares Error: The total error in
approximating the data points (x
1
, y
1
),....,
(x
N
, y
N
) by a line y = Ax + B, measured by
the sum E of the squares of the vertical
distances from the points to the line,

Example is
forthcoming.
2 2
2
2
1 N
E E E E + + + =
Least Squares Line (Regression Line)
Definition Example
Least Squares Line
(Regression Line): A
straight line y = Ax + B
for which the error E is
as small as possible.

Example is
forthcoming.
EXAMPLE
Table 5 shows the 1994 price of a gallon (in U.S. dollars) of fuel and the average
miles driven per automobile for several countries.
(a) Find the straight line that provides the best least-squares fit to these data.
(b) In 1994, the price of gas in Japan was $4.14 per gallon. Use the straight
line of part (a) to estimate the average number of miles automobiles were
driven in Japan.
(a) The points are plotted in the figure below. The sums are calculated in
the table below and then used to determine the values of A and B.
CONTINUED
SOLUTION
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
0 1 2 3 4
Price per Gallon
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

M
i
l
e
s

p
e
r

A
u
t
o
CONTINUED
x y xy x
2
1.57 10,371 16,282.47 2.4649
2.86 10,186 29,131.96 8.1796
3.31 8740 28,929.4 10.9561
3.34 7674 25,631.16 11.1556
3.44 7456 25,648.64 11.8336
1.24 11,099 13,762.76 1.5376
x = 15.76 y = 55,526 xy = 139,386.4 x
2
= 46.1274
CONTINUED
( )
824 . 1365
76 . 15 1274 . 46 6
526 , 55 76 . 15 4 . 386 , 139 6
2
~

= A
( )
898 . 841 , 12
6
76 . 15 824 . 1365 526 , 55
~

= B
Therefore, the equation of the least-squares line is y = -1365.824x + 12,841.898.
(b) We use the straight line to estimate the average number of miles
automobiles were driven in Japan in 1994 by setting x = 4.14. Then we get
y = -1365.824(4.14) + 12,841.898 7187.
Therefore, we estimate the average number of miles per auto in Japan in
1994 to be 7187.
7.6

Double Integrals
Double Integral of f (x, y) over a Region R
Evaluating Double Integrals
Double Integrals in Application
Section Outline
Double Integral of f (x, y) over a Region R
Definition Example
Double Integral of f (x, y) over a Region
R: For a given function f (x, y) and a
region R in the xy-plane, the volume of
the solid above the region (given by the
graph of f (x, y)) minus the volume of
the solid below the region (given by the
graph of f (x, y))

Example is
forthcoming.
The Double Integral
Evaluating Double Integrals
EXAMPLE
SOLUTION
Calculate the iterated integral.
Here g(x) = x and h(x) = 2x. We evaluate the inner integral first. The variable
in this integral is y (because of the dy).
} }
|
.
|
\
|
3
0
2
dx ydy
x
x
( ) ( )
2
2 2
2
2
2
2
3
2 2
2
2
x
x x y
ydy
x
x
x
x
= = =
}
Now we carry out the integration with respect to x.
( ) ( )
2
27
0
2
1
3
2
1
2
1
2
3
3 3
3
0
3
3
0
2
= = =
}
x dx x
So the value of the iterated integral is 27/2.
EXAMPLE
SOLUTION
Calculate the volume over the following region R bounded above by the graph
of f (x, y) = x
2
+ y
2
.
R is the rectangle bounded by the lines x = 1, x = 3, y = 0, and y = 1.
The desired volume is given by the double integral . By the
result just cited, this double integral is equal to the iterated integral
( )
}}
+
R
dxdy y x
2 2
} }
|
.
|
\
|
+
1
0
3
1
2 2
. dy dx y x
We first evaluate the inner integral.
( )
2 2 2 2
3
2
3
3
1
2
3
3
1
2 2
2
3
26
3
1
3 9 1
3
1
3
3
3
3
y y y y y xy
x
dx y x + = + =
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ = +
}
Now we carry out the integration with respect to y.
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3
28
0 0
3
2
3
26
0
3
2
0
3
26
1
3
2
1
3
26
3
2
3
26
2
3
26
3 3
1
0
3
1
0
2
= + =
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
|
.
|
\
|
+
}
y y dy y
CONTINUED
So the value of the iterated integral is 28/3.
Notice that we could have set up the initial double integral as follows.
This would have given us the same answer.
} }
|
.
|
\
|
+
3
1
1
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2 2
dx dy y x

1c. Functions of Several Variables - PPT - 07

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1c. Functions of Several Variables - PPT - 07

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Goldstein/Schneider/Lay/Asmar, CALCULUS AND ITS APPLICATIONS, 12e Slide 1 of 62

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