Role of Gas During Explosive la!!

ing
TNO Prins Maurits Laboratory Delft University of Technology
I.M. Richardson E.P. Carton Y. van der Drift H. van der Linde

31-10-13

Outline
"ntro!uction Mo!el of #eat Transfer Mo!el Pre!ictions Experi$ental Observations Te$perature Measure$ents

onclusions
"ntro!uction Richardson, Carton, van der Drift, van 31-10-13 der Linde

%asics& Operation
detonato r Medium a' %efore b' During explosiv e gap et explosiv e

c' En!

"ntro!uction Richardson, Carton, van der Drift, van 31-10-13 der Linde

%asics& Effect of Gaseous Me!iu$

(lyer plate generates a shoc) *ave The co$presse! gas *ill have a higher te$perature Ther$al effects + #eat transfer to the plate Mechanical effects + Possible gap variation

! 1, " 1

! 0, " 0

"ntro!uction Richardson, Carton, van der Drift, van 31-10-13 der Linde

#eat Transfer Mo!el

Gas te$perature "nteraction ti$e of the gas *ith the $etal #eat flux fro$ the gas into the $etal&

q = h (Tgas Tinterface )
onservation of Energy&

Distance

gas

!gas

!plate

plat e

T Cp = 2T t

temperatur e

#eat Transfer Richardson, Carton, van der Drift, van 31-10-13 der Linde

Gas Properties
4
-1 -1 Thermal Conductivity k (W/m/K) (W m K )
P/P0
monoatomic diatomic

3
P0, V0 1/6 1/4 V/V0

Air air

Argon argon
1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000

T(K) Temperature (K)

#eat Transfer Richardson, Carton, van der Drift, van 31-10-13 der Linde

Gas Properties
(or an i!eal gas

u0 M0 = , a0

u1 M1 = a1

P a =
2 2 1+ 1 ( 1 ) M 0 2 M1 = M 02 1 2 ( 1)

M # Mach $o% ux # &elocit' ax # (peed of sound " # "ressure # Densit' # )dia*atic constant # 1st "ressure coefficient ! # !emperature

#eat Transfer Richardson, Carton, van der Drift, van 31-10-13 der Linde

Gas Properties
P 1 = P 0

= 1+ 2 (M 2 - 1) 1 +1
T1 = (2 + ( - 1)M 2 ) 1 ( + 1)M
2 1

M # Mach $o% ux # &elocit' ax # (peed of sound " # "ressure # Densit' # )dia*atic constant # 1st "ressure coefficient ! # !emperature

T0

2 ( + 1)M1 1 = o 2 2 + ( - 1)M1

#eat Transfer Richardson, Carton, van der Drift, van 31-10-13 der Linde

Gas Metal "nteraction

The length of the heate! gas region s is

uc 1 *here s u= is x the collision u point velocity an! u s

c

the shoc) front velocity

#eat Transfer Richardson, Carton, van der Drift, van 31-10-13 der Linde

Mo!el Pre!ictions
1 "ar

1600

T#m$#ra%&r# (K)

1200
0.5 "ar

Air vd = 3 x 103 m

!1

800
0.1 "ar

400
0.01 "ar

0.00

0.04

0.08

0.12

'#$%( (mm)

Mo!el Richardson, Carton, van der Drift, van 31-10-13 der Linde

Mo!el Pre!ictions
500 000 #tain$ess #tee$ Titanium %o&&er Titanium 'eta-21s ($uminium

Temperature (K)

2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 0 0!02 0!04 0!06 0!0" 0!1 0!12

0!14

0!16

0!1"

0!2

Depth (mm)
Mo!el Richardson, Carton, van der Drift, van 31-10-13 der Linde

Mo!el Pre!ictions
1000
Air 2.8 km
!1

T#m$#ra%&r# (K)

800
Air 2.5 km
!1

) = 105 )a

600
Air 2.0 km
!1

400
Argon 3 km
!1

0.00

0.04

0.08

0.12

'#$%( (mm)

Mo!el Richardson, Carton, van der Drift, van 31-10-13 der Linde

#igh,-pee! -trea) "$age

a$era

Observations Richardson, Carton, van der Drift, van 31-10-13 der Linde

Ther$al Effects an! Microstructure

Ti(e an! Ti(e. inter$etallics in a Ti/(e cla!!ing Effect of the para$eters& pressure an! type of gas

Observations Richardson, Carton, van der Drift, van 31-10-13 der Linde

Micrographs of a Ti/(e cla!!ing

"nter$etalli cs 0112 412 512 Gas Type 3ir 3rgon 6acuu$

Observations Richardson, Carton, van der Drift, van 31-10-13 der Linde

Micrographs of a Ti/(e cla!!ing

"nter$etalli cs 0112 412 512 Gas Type 3ir 3rgon 6acuu$

Observations Richardson, Carton, van der Drift, van 31-10-13 der Linde

Micrographs of a Ti/(e cla!!ing

"nter$etalli cs 0112 412 512 Gas Type 3ir 3rgon 6acuu$

Observations Richardson, Carton, van der Drift, van 31-10-13 der Linde

Te$perature Measure$ent& -tatic,$etho!

"nterrupte! cla!!ing process
Measure time averaged temperature of a metal foil heated *' shoc+ed gas ,se calorimetric principles to determine heat transferred from the gas to the metal
#x$*o i#+ iv# .x$*o "ov#n$*aa% /*,#r $*a%#

1a ond#r$*aa% #
-%a*#n Anvi** %ri$

)o*,m##r )o*,m#r

T(in 0o$$#r +oi*

Te$perature Richardson, Carton, van der Drift, van 31-10-13 der Linde

Te$perature Measure$ent& -tatic,$etho!

Experi$ental result on foil 40.0
)C
30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0

u,

( e r ut a r ep m eT

-10.0 -20.0

Time (s)

Te$perature Richardson, Carton, van der Drift, van 31-10-13 der Linde

Te$perature Measure$ent& Dyna$ic,$etho!

Thin ther$ocouple *ires
-eat up fairl' homogeneousl' in thic+ness .d/ 00 micron1

Te$perature Richardson, Carton, van der Drift, van 31-10-13 der Linde

Te$perature Measure$ent& Dyna$ic,$etho!

"reliminar' result2
3-t'pe2 ! 4 1500 6C ud 7 3 +m s-1

Vm ( egatl o V

Time (s)

Te$perature Richardson, Carton, van der Drift, van 31-10-13 der Linde

onclusions
Ther$al effects& -i$ple $o!el sho*s
Reduced surface temperature 8ith reduced gas pressure Reduced surface temperature 8ith monatomic gas
Reduced surface temperature and increased thermal penetration 8ith increased .metal1 thermal conductivit'

Experi$ents in!icate
9as in the gap emits visi*le radiation during cladding :ntermetallic formation is consistent 8ith model predictions Callorimetric .static1 and thin 8ire thermocouple .d'namic1 temperature measurements can provide an indication of metal surface temperatures%
onclusions Richardson, Carton, van der Drift, van 31-10-13 der Linde