Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Quantitative Research
Every Research study has 2 aspects, 1. The Study Population 2.The Subject Area
Aspects of a study Study Population About People Study of Individuals, organizations, groups, communities They provide with rte required information or collect information from or about them
Subject area
Problem
Issues, Situations, Needs, Associations, Profiles etc Contents, Structure, outcomes, attributes, satisfaction, consumers Cause and effect relationships Information that need to collect to find answers to the research question
Program
Phenomenon
Characteristics of Objectives: 1.Clear 2.Complete 3.Spcific 4.Identify the min variables to be correlated 5.Identify the directions of the relationship
Study 1
Concept Effectiveness
Identifying Variables
The Definition of a Variable An image , perception or concept that is capable of measurement , hence capable of taking on different values is called a variable Or A concept that can be measured Eg : 1. This program is effective 2.We are providing a Quality service to our clients 3.This product is doing well
-Subjective impression No uniformity as to its understanding among different people As such cannot be measured
Measurable through the degree of precision varies from scale to scale from variable to variable
Types of Variable
Independent variable The cause supposed to be responsible for bringing about changes in a phenomenon or situation Dependent variable The outcome of the changes brought about by introduction of an independent variable Extraneous variable- several other factors operating in a real life situation may affect changes in the dependent variable. These factors , not measured in the study, may increase or decrease the magnitude or strength o the relationship between independent and dependent variables Intervening variable This links the independent and dependent variable.
Constructing Hypothesis
The Definition of a Hypothesis, The second important consideration in the formulation of a research problem is the construction of hypothesis. Hypotheses bring clarity, specify and focus to research problem, but are not essential for a study Hypotheses are based on guesses. As researcher, it is not required to know about the phenomena , a situation , the prevalence of a condition in a population or about the outcome of a program , but has to have a hunch to form the basis of certain assumptions or guesses. The verification process should be don based on the information and the verification process will provide one of the three outcomes below, 1.right 2.partially right 3.worng Without this process o verification, the researcher cannot conclude anything about the validity of the assumption. Hence Hypotheses is a hunch, assumption, suspicion, assertion or an idea about a phenomenon, relationship or situation , the reality or truth of which do not know .
A Hypotheses should be capable of verifications Methods and techniques must be available for data collection and analysis A hypotheses should be related to the existing body of knowledge It is important that hypotheses emerges from the existing body of knowledge A Hypotheses should be Operationalisble This mans that it can be expressed in terms that can be measured.
Types of Hypothesis
Broadly there are two categories of hypothesis
1.Research hypotheses 2.Alternativc Hypotheses The formulation of an alternative hypotheses is a convention in scientific circles. Its main function is to explicitly specify the relationship that will be considered as true in case the research hypotheses proves to be wrong. Alternative hypothesis is the opposite of the research hypotheses A null hypothesis or hypotheses of no difference is formulated as an alternative hypothesis.
Null Hypothesis When constructing hypothesis stipulating that there is no difference between two situations, groups outcomes or the prevalence of condition or phenomenon . Hypothesis difference A hypothesis in which researcher stipulates that there will be difference but does not specify it magnitude. Hypotheses of point prevalence Outcomes is known in quantitative units eg. The proportion of mal & female smokers is 60 and 30 per cent respectively. Hypothesis of association The relationship between the impact of different combinations on the dependent variable or relationship between the prevalence of a phenomenon among different populations .
Conceptualize an operational plan to undertake the various procedures and tasks required to complete the study
Ensure that procedures are adequate to obtain valid, objective and accurate answers to the research questions.
Secondary sources
Primary sources
Documents
Observation
Interviewing
Questionnaire
-Govmt publications -Earlier research -Census -Personal records -Client histories -Service records
Participant
Structured
NonParticipant
Unstructured
Types of Attitudinal scale There are three major types of attitudinal scale, 1. The summated rating scale, also know as the Linkert scale 2. The equal appearing interval scale or different scale, also know as the Thurstone scale 3. The cumulative scale , also know as the Guttman scale
Is the research investigations providing answers to the research questions for which it was undertaken? If so, is it providing these answers using appropriate methods and procedures?
The concept of Validity It is important to remember that the concept of validity is pertinent only to a particular instrument and it is an ideal state that you as a researcher to achieve.
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Face and content validity Each question or item on the scale must have a logical link with an objective. Establishment of this link is called Face validity Concurrent and predictive validity Predictive validity is judged by the degree to which an instrument can forecast an outcome. Concurrent validity is judged by Howell an instrument compares with a second assessment concurrently done. Construct validity Construct validity is a more sophisticated technique for establishing the validity of n instrument. It is I based upon statistical procedures. It is determined by ascertaining the contribution of each construct to the total variance observed in a phenomenon.
The Concept of Reliability Reliability is the degree of accuracy or precision in the measurement made by a research instrument. The concept of reliability in relation to research can be looked at from two sides,
1. 2. How reliable is an instrument ? How unreliable is it ?
The first question focus on the ability of an instrument to produce consistent measurement The second question focuses on the degree of inconsistency in the measurement made by an instrument.
Factors affecting the reliability of a research instrument The wording of question The physical setting The respondents mood The nature of interaction The regression effect of an instrument Method of determining the reliability of an instrument 1. External consistency procedures 2. Internal consistency procedures
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