Short-Circuit Analysis

IEC Standard
SUPRIYANTO, ST., MT.
supriyanto_suhono@yahoo.com.sg

POWER SYSTEM
ANALYSIS USING ETAP
APLIKASI KAJIAN/ANALISIS
Verifikasi kapabilitas /interrupting
capability peralatan proteksi.
Proteksi peralatan dari mechanical forces
yang besar (maximum fault kA)
Proteksi I
2
t terhadap peralatan (thermal
stress)
Pemilihan ratings atau setting relay
untuk tujuan koordinasi proteksi.
JENIS GANGGAUN H.S.
1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC Slide 3

Copyright Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.
Short-Circuit Calculations
Types of Short Circuits
3-phase
2-phase
1-phase
Pola Umum Gangguan H/S
1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC Slide 5
Pada Utilitas / Jaringan :
Arus h/s gangguan tanah (I
L-G
) bisa
terjadi lebih besar dari arus gangguan
h/s I
3-phase
sampai sekitar 115 %
ketika (X
o
< X
1
) .
Merupakan jumlah gangguan terbesar
~ 85% gangguan adalah I
L-G
.
Pola Umum Gangguan H/S
1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC Slide 6
Pada Jaringan Industri :
I
L-G
> I
3-phase
adalah jarang terjadi ,
tipikal I
L-G
~ .87 * I
3-phase
, karena
umumnya gangguan tiga fasa
menghasilkan arus gangguan maksimum,
maka hanya gangguan 3 fasa yang
dipertimbangkan.
Types of SC Faults
Three-Phase Ungrounded Fault
Three-Phase Grounded Fault
Phase to Phase Ungrounded Fault
Phase to Phase Grounded Fault
Phase to Ground Fault
Types of Short-Circuit Faults
JENIS GANGGAUN H.S.
Q : Apa sebab pada jaringan industri
yang dipertimbangkan hanya h.s.
Tiga fasa?

) t Sin( Vm v(t) u e + - =
i(t) v(t)
Pemodelan Rangkaian H.S.

Offset) (DC
Transient State Steady
t
) - sin(
Z
Vm
) - t sin(
Z
Vm
i(t)
(1) ) t Sin( Vm
dt
di
L Ri v(t)
L
R
-
e + + =
+ = + =
| u | u e
u e
expression following the yields 1 equation Solving
i(t)
v(t)
DC Current
AC Current (Symmetrical) with No AC Decay
1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC Slide 11
AC Fault Current Including the
DC Offset (No AC Decay)
1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC Slide 12
Machine Reactance ( = L I )
AC Decay Current
Fault Current Including AC & DC Decay
IEC Short-Circuit Calculation (IEC 909)
Initial Symmetrical Short-Circuit Current (I"k)
Peak Short-Circuit Current (ip)
Symmetrical Short-Circuit Breaking Current (Ib)
Steady-State Short-Circuit Current (Ik)
Short-Circuit Calculations
Definitions according IEC 60909 (I)
initial symmetrical short-circuit current I
k

r.m.s. value of the a.c. symmetrical component of a prospective (available) short-
circuit current, applicable at the instant of short circuit if the impedance remains at
zero-time value

initial symmetrical short-circuit power S
k

fictitious value determined as a product of the initial symmetrical short-circuit current
I
k
, the nominal system voltage U
n
and the factor 3:


NOTE: S
k
is often used to calculate the internal impedance of a network feeder at the
connection point. In this case the definition given should be used in the following
form:
"
k n
"
k
I U 3 S =
"
k
2
n
S
U c
Z

=
Short-Circuit Calculations
Definitions according IEC 60909 (II)
decaying (aperiodic) component i
d.c.
of short-circuit
current
mean value between the top and bottom envelope of a
short-circuit current decaying from an initial value to
zero
peak short-circuit current i
p
maximum possible instantaneous value of the
prospective (available) short-circuit current
NOTE: The magnitude of the peak short-circuit current varies in
accordance with the moment at which the short circuit occurs.

METODE PERHITUNGAN H.S. IEC
Ik = Equivalent V pada lokasi gangguan dibagi
equivalent Z
Equivalent V adalah nominal kV dan factor c
Z XFMR dan Z machine ditentukan berdasarkan
c
max
, komponen Z & kondisi operasi.
Transformer Z Adjustment
K
T
-- Network XFMR
K
S
,K
SO
Unit XFMR for faults on system side
K
T,S
,K
T,SO
Unit XFMR for faults in auxiliary
system, not between Gen & XFMR
K=1

Unit XFMR for faults between Gen &
XFMR
Syn Machine Z Adjustment
K
G
Synchronous machine w/o unit XFMR
K
S
,K
SO
With unit XFMR for faults on system side
K
G,S
,K
G,SO
With unit XFMR for faults in auxiliary
system, including points between Gen & XFMR
Types of Short-Circuits
Near-To-Generator Short-Circuit
Pada konsisi h/s ini mesin sinkron akan
mengakibatkan arus hubung singkat dua kali
lebih besar dari rating arus generator, atau suatu
kondisi hubung singkat yang mengakibatkan
motor synchronous dan motor asynchronous
kontribusi lebih dari 5% terhadap initial
symmetrical short-circuit current (I"k)
without motors.
H/S dekat Generator /Near-To-Generator Short-Circuit
1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC Slide 22
Short-Circuit Calculations
Near-to-generator short circuit
Ik Initial symmetrical short-circuit current
ip Peak short-circuit current
Ik Steady-state short-circuit current
A Initial value of the d.c component
IB Symmetrical short-circuit breaking current
tB
B
I 2 2
Short-Circuit Calculations
Definitions according IEC 60909 (III)
steady-state short-circuit current I
k
r.m.s. value of the short-circuit current which remains after the decay of
the transient phenomena

symmetrical short-circuit breaking current I
b
r.m.s. value of an integral cycle of the symmetrical a.c. component of the
prospective short-circuit current at the instant of contact separation of the
first pole to open of a switching device
Short-Circuit Calculations
Definitions according IEC 60909 (III)
steady-state short-circuit current I
k
r.m.s. value of the short-circuit current which remains after the decay of
the transient phenomena

symmetrical short-circuit breaking current I
b
r.m.s. value of an integral cycle of the symmetrical a.c. component of the
prospective short-circuit current at the instant of contact separation of the
first pole to open of a switching device
Types of Short-Circuits
Far-From-Generator Short-Circuit
This is a short-circuit condition during which the
magnitude of the symmetrical ac component of
available short-circuit current remains essentially
constant.
Far-From-Generator Short-Circuit
1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC Slide 27
Short-Circuit Calculations
Far-from-generator short circuit
Ik Initial symmetrical short-circuit current
ip Peak short-circuit current
Ik Steady-state short-circuit current
A Initial value of the d.c component
Short-Circuit Calculations
Purpose of Short-Circuit Values
Design Criterion Physical Effect Relevant short-circuit current
Breaking capacity of circuit
breakers
Thermal stress to arcing
chamber; arc extinction
Symmetrical short-circuit
breaking current I
b
Mechanical stress to
equipment
Forces to electrical devices
(e.g. bus bars, cables)
Peak short-circuit current i
p

Thermal stress to equipment

Temperature rise of electrical
devices (e.g. cables)
Initial symmetrical short-
circuit current I
k

Fault duration
Protection setting Selective detection of partial
short-circuit currents
Minimum symmetrical short-
circuit current I
k

Earthing, Interference, EMC Potential rise;
Magnetic fields
Maximum initial symmetrical
short-circuit current I
k

Factor pada Perhitungan I
f



menghitung i
p
berdasarkan I
k



menghitung i
b
untuk (near-to-gen &
not meshed network)
q

menghitung i
b
mesin induksi (near-
to-gen & not meshed network)

Equation (75) of Std 60909-0, adjusting Ik for near-to-gen & meshed
network

min
&
max
calc i
k

STUDI KASUS H/S IEC
Types of Short-Circuits
Maximum voltage factor is used
Minimum impedance is used (all negative
tolerances are applied and minimum resistance
temperature is considered)
When these options
are selected
Types of Short-Circuits
Minimum voltage factor is used
Maximum impedance is used (all positive
tolerances are applied and maximum resistance
temperature is considered)
When this option is
selected

Voltage Factor (c)
Ratio between equivalent voltage &
nominal voltage
Required to account for:
Variations due to time & place
Transformer taps
Static loads & capacitances
Generator & motor subtransient behavior
Calculation Method
Breaking kA is more
conservative if the option
No Motor Decay is
selected
IEC SC 909 Calculation
1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC Slide 36
DEVICE DUTY COMPARISON
Mesh & Non-Mesh I
f
ETAP automatically determines mesh & non-
meshed contributions according to individual
contributions
IEC Short Circuit Mesh Determination Method
0, 1, or 2 (default)

L-G Faults
Symmetrical Components
L-G Faults
Sequence Networks
0
Z Z Z
V 3
I
I 3 I
0 2 1
efault Pr
f
a f
0
=
+ +

=
=
g
Z if
L-G Fault Sequence Network Connections
2 1
efault Pr
f
a a
Z Z
V 3
I
I I
1 2
+

=
=
L-L Fault Sequence Network Connections
0
Z Z
Z Z
Z
V
I
I 0 I I I
2 0
2 0
1
efault Pr
f
a a a a
0 1 2
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+
=
= = + +
g
Z if
L-L-G Fault Sequence Network Connections
Transformer Zero Sequence Connections
grounded.
solidly Y/ terhubung tor Transforma
atau Generators jika terjadi dapat ini Kasus
I
: maka terjadi ini kondisi Jika
&
: jika besar lebih dapat G - L Gangguan
an. membahayak yang gangguan
adalah phase - 3 gangguan umum Secara
f3
A
<
< =
| | 1
1 0 2 1
f
I
Z Z Z Z
Solid Grounded Devices and L-G Faults
Zero Sequence Model
Branch susceptances and static loads
including capacitors will be considered
when this option is checked

Recommended by IEC for systems with
isolated neutral, resonant earthed
neutrals & earthed neutrals with earth
fault factor > 1.4
Complete reports that include individual
branch contributions for:
L-G Faults
L-L-G Faults
L-L Faults
One-line diagram displayed results that
include:
L-G/L-L-G/L-L fault current
contributions
Sequence voltage and currents
Phase Voltages
Unbalanced Faults Display & Reports
Total Fault Current Waveform
Transient Fault Current Calculation (IEC 61363)
Percent DC Current Waveform
Transient Fault Current Calculation (IEC 61363)
AC Component of Fault Current Waveform
Transient Fault Current Calculation (IEC 61363)
Top Envelope of Fault Current Waveform
Transient Fault Current Calculation (IEC 61363)
Top Envelope of Fault Current Waveform
Transient Fault Current Calculation (IEC 61363)
IEC Transient Fault Current Calculation
1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC Slide 54
Complete reports that include individual
branch contributions for:
L-G Faults
L-L-G Faults
L-L Faults
One-line diagram displayed results that
include:
L-G/L-L-G/L-L fault current
contributions
Sequence voltage and currents
Phase Voltages
Unbalanced Faults Display & Reports
1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC Slide 56
1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC Slide 57
POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS USING ETAP