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Electrical Networks

Generation

Distribution Transmission

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TRANSMISSION LINE TOWERS

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HORIZONTAL CONFIGURATION
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VERTICAL CONFIGURATION
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SWITCHYARD/SUBSTAION

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Function of switchyard/Substation

Protection of transmission system Controlling the exchange of energy Voltage control and reactive power compensation Securing the supply by providing adequate line capacity and facility for changing transmission paths

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Data transmission via power line carrier for the purpose of network monitoring,control and protection Determining the energy transfer through transmission lines and tie lines Fault analysis and pin pointing the cause and subsequent improvements Establishing economic load distribution

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Classification of switchyard/substation

Based on service: Static substations Converting substations Switching substations Power factor correction substation Based on service voltage: EHV substations Primary substations, Secondary substations, Distribution substations Industrial substations
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Based on type of mounting Indoor type substation Outdoor type substation Based on configuration Conventional open terminal substations Gas insulated substation(GIS) Composite substations having combination of the above
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SWITCHGEARS

Isolate or connect the electrical circuit between source to load Making & breaking an electrical circuit under normal or abnormal conditions It is also a safety device, which provided protection against abnormal conditions. All electrical machines like Generator or Power transformers, Motors & Transmission lines SwitchGears like load break switch, earth switch,isolators(disconnecting switch, circuit breakers)
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LOAD BREAK SWITCH(LBS)

LBS is an interrupting device, which can break the circuit at 7 to 8 times of the rated current Breaking the load current Installed in the same circuit or back up by CBS

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EARTH SWITCH
ES is connected between the line conductor and earth Normally open When the line is disconnected, the ES is closed , to discharge the voltage trapped in the line ES is mounted on the frame of isolator To avoid Accident Before proceeding to the maintenance work this voltage is discharged to the earth by closing the earth switch

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ISOLATORS(DISCONNECTING SWITCH)

Isolators Operate Under No Load Condition Isolators are used for Breaking, Charging the Transmission line Isolators are provided on both side of the CB in order to ensure Isolation(disconnection) of the CB from the main parts for the purpose of Maintenance Generally 3- Pole Isolators( 3 Identical Pole) are Used Simultaneous operation Is obtained By Interlocking Of The 3 Poles(all The 3 Pole,there Is A Common Operating Mechanism) Operating Mechanism Electrical Motor/Pneumatic System

Isolators Types

Single Break Switch, centre Break Or Double Break Type Pantograph Type
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3 November 2013

Center Break Disconnectors

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Single Break Disconnectors

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Single Break Disconnectors

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CIRCUIT BREAKER
Based upon current interruption & arc quenching Types

Air Circuit Breaker(ACB) Air blast Circuit Breaker(ABCB) Bulk Oil Circuit Breaker(BOCB) Minimum Oil Circuit Breaker(MOCB) Sulphur Hexa Fluoride(SF6) Ultra Vacuum Breaker(VCB)
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INTERLOCK BETWEEN CB& ISOLATOR

Isolators can not operate unless the CB is open Bus-I& bus-II isolator can not be closed simultaneously Isolator can not operate when earth switch on Only one bay(one feeder load) can be taken on by-pass or transfer bus
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3 November 2013

PROTECTIVE FUSE &RELAYS

An automatic device and it senses the abnormal conditions (Detect the fault)in the power system and gives alarm intern isolate the unhealthy system Supply the information to the CB for Circuit interruption

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RELAY CIRCUIT

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INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS

Current Transformers(CTs) are used to step down the currents for the purpose of measurement,protection and control Secondary ratings 1 or 5A For ex. 10,000/5A , 100/1A Voltage Transformer(VTS) Secondary ratings 100V,110V,115V For ex. 400KV/110V, 230KV/115V
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CARRIER CURRENT EQUIPMENT ( LINE OR WAVE TRAP)

It is required for communication Line trap is connected between transmission line and coupling capacitor

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LIGHTNING ARRESTORS

It is a device designed to protect electrical equipment from lightning 10KA to 90KA 2000KV

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Control cable
Modern power system is very complex, it is necessary to provide automatic operation and interlocks SWITCH BOARDS It consists of meters,relays and control equipments CONTROL ROOM It consist of switchboard,carrier current equipment,batteries
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Power Transformer
It is used to step up / step down the voltage The voltage rating 15 or 15.75kV/230 or 400kV (210MW) In TPS,GT(step up t/f) UAT,UST, ST,SAT,SST,,ET(step down transformer) ICT( step up and step down)

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Earthing System Security and safety of the personnel and equipment ELECTRICAL SHOCK
Flow of current in the human body

Poor insulation apparatus Open & short circuit due to equipment failure Faulty or poor quality wires Incorrect use of electrical gadgets(lack of knowledge) lightning
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SINGLE BUS BAR ARRANGMENT

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SINGLE BUS BAR WITH SECTIONALIZER

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BREAKER AND A HALF SCHEME

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