FLUIDS, ELECTROLYTES & ACID-BASE BALANCE

HOMEOSTASIS
The bodys ability to maintain the internal environment in response to a changing external environment.
IMPORTANCE
Fluid and electrolyte and acid-base balance are critical to health and well-being.
Maintained by intake and output Regulated by renal and pulmonary systems

COMPOSITION of BODY FLUIDS

WATER
The single largest component of the body

ELECTROLYTES
Elements or compounds that when dissolved in water or another solvent dissociate into ions and is able to carry an electric current.

FUNCTIONS of WATER
1. 2. 2. Serves as medium for transporting nutrients to cells. Serves as medium to transport substances as hormones, enzymes, blood platelets and RBCs and WBCs. Necessary for cellular metabolism and proper cellular functioning. Solvent for electrolytes and non-electrolytes Helps maintain normal body temperature Helps in digestion & promotes elimination. Necessary for the manufacture of the bodys secretions.

3. 4. 5. 6.

DISTRIBUTION of BODY FLUIDS

INTRACELLULAR
EXTRACELLULAR
Interstitial Intravascular Transcellular

SOURCES of the BODYS WATER

Ingested liquids
Water in food or preformed water Water from metabolic oxidation

FACTORS AFFECTING PROPORTIONS of BODY FLUID

% body fat
Age 70% as infants; decreases thru life Sex

AVENUES thru which the BODY LOSSES WATER

KIDNEYS
GIT

=
=

urine
stool

=
=

1000- 1500ml/day
100200ml/day

INSENSIBLE LOSS Lungs = expiration = Skin = perspiration = TOTAL DAILY OUTPUT =

400- 500ml/day 600- 700ml/day 2,100-2,900ml/day

MOVEMENT of BODY FLUIDS

DIFFUSION a process in which solid, particulate matter (sugar) in a fluid moves from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration, resulting in an even distribution of the particles in a fluid or across cell membrane permeable to the substance
OSMOSIS- the movement of a pure solvent (water) through a semipermeable membrane from a solution that has lower solute concentration to one that has higher solute concentration.

OSMOTIC PRESSURE
The drawing power of water and depends on the number of molecules in the solution. The solution with a high solute concentration has a high osmotic pressure and draws water into itself. The osmotic pressure of a solution is also called its OSMOLALITY. The osmolar concentration in 1 kg of water expressed in osmols or milliosmols per kilogram (mOsm/kg) of the solution.

MOVEMENT of BODY FLUIDS

FILTRATION
the passage of a fluid from an area of high pressure to one of lower pressure through a permeable membrane. COLLOID OSMOTIC PRESSURE or ONCOTIC PRESSURE pressure exerted by substances with high molecular weights, plasma proteins, on permeable membrane in the body. HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE- force exerted by a fluid against a container wall; fluid is forced out of capillary BLOOD HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE- pressure of plasma and blood cells in the capillaries; FILTRATION PRESSURE = colloid osmotic pressure blood hydrostatic pressure

ACTIVE TRANSPORT
Movement of materials across cell membrane by chemical activity or energy expenditure that allows the cell to admit larger molecules than it would otherwise be able to admit or to move molecules from areas of lesser concentration to areas of greater concentration. This requires METAABAOLIC ACTIVITY and ENERGY EXPENDITURE. E.g.: Sodium and Potassium Pumps

Sodium is pumped out of the cell, Potassium is pumped in, against a concentration gradient.

REGULATORY MECHANISMS in F/E HOMEOSTASIS

1. Thirst Mechanism controls water intake
*intracellular dehydration *excess angitensin II in the body fluids *hemorrhage stimulate thirst center :::decreased bld vol dryness of mouth intake of fluid ---UGIT distends ---relief [temp.relief even before GIT absorption---thirst returns w/in 15 mins ---fluid intake ---UGIT distends--relief

REGULATORY MECHANISMS
2.
3.

ADH controls urine concentration and renal output Organs Lungs removes approx. 300 ml of water daily thru exhalation in normal adult -Plays a major role in maintenance of acid-base balance Heart & Blood Vessels pumping action circulates blood through the kidneys under sufficient amount to form urine. Failure of this pumping action interferes with renal perfusion and, thus, with water & electrolyte regulation

REGULATORY MECHANISMS in F/E HOMEOSTASIS

Organs (cont.) Kidneys filter 170 L of plasma daily in adults Excrete 1.5 L of urine only Act autonomously & in response to blood-borne messengers, aldosterone & ADH

MAJOR FUNCTIONS of the KIDNEYS RELATED to FLUID BALANCE HOMEOSTASIS

1.
2. 3. 4.

Regulation of ECF volume and osmolality by selective retention & excretion of body fluids Regulation of electrolyte level in the ECF by selective retention of needed substances and excretion of unneeded substances Regulation of pH of ECF by excretion or retention of H- ions Excretion of metabolic waste and toxic substances

REGULATORY MECHANISMS in F/E HOMEOSTASIS

Organs (cont.) Adrenal Glands secrete Aldosterone, known as the great sodium conserver of the body, also helps save Cl- & H2O & causes K+ to be excreted Pituitary Gland post. Lobe stores ADH Thyroid Gland thyroxin increases blood flow in the body, thus, increases renal circulation, lead to increased GFR & urinary output.

REGULATORY MECHANISMS in F/E HOMEOSTASIS

Organs (cont.) Parathyroid Glands secretes parathormone, which regulates level of calcium in the ECF GIT absorbs water and nutrients that enter the body through this route Nervous System acts as switchboard and inhibits and stimulates mechanisms that influence fluid balance. The regulator of Na+ and water intake and excretion

ELECTROLYTES
TYPES
1. CATIONS - positively charged Na+, K+, Mg+, Ca+ 2. ANIONS negatively charged Cl-, HCO3 -, PO4-

ELECTROLYTES