Efficacy of Flameless Catalytic Infrared Radiation Energy Against Different Life Stages of Insects

Khamis Moses, Bhadriraju Subramanyam, Dogan Hulya and Gwirtz Jeff

Department of Grain Science and Industry

Kansas State University Manhattan, KS 66506

 Introduction Hypothesis: How do different ages of stored product insects respond to flameless catalytic infrared radiation? Objective 1: Age Grading of internal insects using Faxitron and X-ray microtomography Materials and method Results Objective 2: Infrared treatment Materials and method Results Conclusion

Infrared Energy
Electromagnetic spectrum; radiation energy with wavelength longer than visible light but shorter than microwave Water molecules absorb highest mid-infrared (2.8 m and 7 m) energy Differential heating: insects vs grain

 Ban on organophosphates pesticides (phosphine)

Current Pest Management Problems

Development of insect resistance to some of the available pesticides Pesticides residues in foods

Lack of international consensus on some pesticides use

Ineffectiveness of some pesticides against certain life stages of insects

Previous research
Old infrared heaters used natural gas or propane gas combusted over ceramic panels with temperatures close to 926C Such high temperatures are unsafe for grain handling facilities

No sufficient research to determine how the different insects ages were affected by infrared radiation Banjo thermometer was used to read grain temperature.
Wheat, wheat product qualities were not evaluated

Infrared for stored grain insect control

Flameless infrared energy is a green technology, there are no regulated emissions, only products are water, heat and carbon dioxide Kills external and internal stored-grain insects

Kills microorganisms
It is a rapid method (insects are killed in less than 60s) Flameless catalytic infrared heater is cheaper

 Determine factors affecting efficacy of infrared radiation against eggs, larvae, pupae, and adults of three stored-grain insect species Evaluate effects of infrared radiation on wheat germination

Research objectives

Evaluate effects of infrared on mold counts

Evaluate effect of infrared radiation on quality of wheat and wheat flour and products made from infrared-exposed grain Conduct an economic analysis of treatment effectiveness

Age grading

Faxitron

Pupae of Lesser grain borer

Pupae of Rice weevil

Tunnel width (mm)

Lesser grain borer Rice weevil __________________________________

Age (Days)
7 14 21 24 28 0.24 0.03* 0.34 0.01 0.40 0.02 0.53 0.0 0.61 0.02 0.26 0.01 0.57 0.03 0.72 0.01 1.39 0.01 Emerged

* Observed on the eighth and ninth day

X-ray microtomography Skyscan

Source: www.microphotonic.com

XMT Principle

Source: www.microphotonics.com

Pupae of LGB with XMT

Pupae of RW with XMT

Development time for LGB and RW

70 60 Rice weevil Lesser grain borer

Number of Adults Emerged

50 40 30 20 10 0

20

22

24

26

28

30

32

34

36

Number of Days

Infrared treatment and insects mortality

Factors evaluated where; Different insects ages (Eggs to adults)

Distance of grain from surface heater, (8.0 and 12.7 cm)

Quantities of grains (113.5 and 227.0 g) Exposure time (45 and 60 seconds)

Materials and methods

A Company based in Independence KS; www.catalticdrying.com designs commercial scale flameless catalytic heaters for specific uses Bench top infrared heater

Typical Temperature Profile

Temperature vs Time (45s)
Temperature vs Time (60s)
140 T1D1W1 T1D1W2 T1D2W1 T1D2W2
140 T2D1W1 T2D1W2 T2D2W1 T2D2W2

120

120

Temperature ( C)

100

Temperature ( C)

100

80

80

60

60

40

40

10

20

30

40

50

10

20

30

40

50

60

Time (s)

Time (s)

Mean no. adults that emerged from control

Age (days) 0 0 7 Grain qty (g) 113.5 227 113.5

R. dominica
Mean SE 443 32.6 582 13.5 241 22.5

T. castaneum
Mean SE 43 5.9 49 3.4 100 1.0

S. oryzae
Mean SE 271 18.0 340 28.2 221 15.8

7
14 14 21 21 24 24 28 28

227
113.5 227 113.5 113.5 113.5 227 113.5 227

541 24.1
302 22.4 502 17.2 145 52.2 240 33.2 231 62.1 451 40.0 256 51.2 490 11.9

101 1.0
100 2.0 98 4.0 100 0.3 103 1.0 99 1.0 102 2.0

347 21.7
254 13.8 336 23.4 225 22.6 381 17.4 249 46.7 374 11.9 360 31.0 412 15.6

** n =3

Mortality for all ages

Lesser Grain Borer

1.0

0.8

Probability of Death

0.6

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

0.4

0.2 115 110 105 100

0

0.0 40

Age

30 20 (Da ys) 10 0

C) ( 90 ure t 85 a er 80 p m 75 Te
95

Factors and their interactions

Lesser grain borer
Effect DF ChiSq Pr>ChiSq _______________________________________________ Age 6 642.6 <0.0001 Quantity 1 323.1 <0.0001 Distance 1 342.7 <0.0001 Time 1 223.8 <0.0001 Age x Quantity 6 154.7 <0.0001 Age x Distance 6 281.5 <0.0001 Age x Time 6 565.6 <0.0001 Distance x Quantity 1 82.8 <0.0001 Quantity x Time 1 47.1 <0.0001 Distance x Time 1 84.0 <0.0001

Odds of death
Lesser grain borer
4

Odds Ratios

0 0 10 20 30 40

Age (Days)

Red Flour Beetle

1.0

0.8

Probability of Death

0.6 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 115 110 105 0 C) 100

0.4

0.2

0.0 25 20 95 15 90 10 85 5 0 80 75

Age

(Da ys

p em

re u t ra

Red flour beetle

Effect DF ChiSq Pr>ChiSq ____________________________________________ Age 5 26.7 <0.0001 Quantity 1 67.9 <0.0001 Distance 1 51.3 <0.0001 Time 1 97.7 <0.0001 Age x Quantity 5 34.8 <0.0001 Age x Distance 6 18.1 <0.0001 Age x Time 6 44.3 <0.0001 Distance x Quantity 1 8.4 <0.0001 Distance x Time 1 13.3 <0.0001

Red flour beetle

3.0

2.5

2.0

Odds Ratio

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Age (Days)

Rice Weevil

1.0

0.8

Probability of Death

0.6 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 115 110 105 100 0 C)

0.4

0.2

0.0 40 30 95 20 90 85 10 0 80 75

Age

(Da ys

m Te

( e r tu era

Rice weevil
Effect DF ChiSq Pr>ChiSq _______________________________________________ Age 6 1404.5 <0.0001 Quantity 1 18.10 <0.0001 Distance 1 111.6 <0.0001 Time 1 2.5 0.1111 Age x Quantity 6 89.60 <0.0001 Age x Distance 6 144.4 <0.0001 Age x Time 6 182.2 <0.0001 Distance x Quantity 1 12.00 0.0005 Quantity x Time 1 47.10 <0.0001

Rice weevil
1.2

1.0

0.8

Odds Ratio

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0 0 10 20 30 40 50

Age (Days)

Insects mortality
It is a function of temperature Longer treatment time, shorter distance and small quantity of grain all influenced the attained temperature and mortality Overall (by species), lesser grain borer was the most tolerant to infrared treatment, followed by, red flour beetle then rice weevil Eggs of rice weevil were the most tolerant to infrared radiation Old larvae of all species more tolerant to infrared energy than young ones Pharate adults of lesser grain borer were more resistant than the adults

Current work
Quality evaluation of wheat grain, such as proximate analysis, rheological properties of flour and bread quality Effect of flameless catalytic infrared radiation on mold and wheat germination Economic analysis of data is yet to be done

Acknowledgement
Research was funded by USDA/CSREES-NC-IPM grant

Thank You