An Approach To Write Research Paper

An Approach to Write Research Paper
A Practice as an Author
09/03/2011
Dr. Chandan A Chavadi, Associate Professor , Presidency Business School, Bangalore
General Outline of a Journal Article

I. Abstract II. Introduction III. Literature review IV. Research Design V. Results/Data Analysis VI. Discussion/Managerial Implications VII. Limitation and direction of future research VIII. References IX. Appendixes
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Before starting to write?

Spend some time to think about the article content. At this stage, write down ideas in a free form, creating a general outline for the paper.
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Try to answer these questions???

What is the message of the paper? What is the new result or contribution that you want to describe? What do you want to convince people of?
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I) Abstract
The abstract should inform the reader in a succinct manner as to what the article is about and what the major contributions are that are discussed.
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Brand Relationships and Switching Behaviour for Highly Used Products in Young Consumers
Abstract continued.
The purpose of this study is to: (a) establish that brand relationships postulated in the literature exist along all dimensions for young consumers in the emerging market context; (b) investigate the influence of peer influence, family influence, and brand relationships on switching intentions amongst young consumers; and (c) examine the impact of price changes on switching intentions in the context of brand relationships.
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The results indicate that young consumers do form relationships with brand(s) on all the six dimensions of consumer brand relationship that have been postulated in the literature. The results suggest that love and passion dimension of brand relationship is stronger amongst teenagers as compared to young adults; that family has a relatively stronger influence than peers, and that consumers do compare price irrespective of how strong the brand relationship is.
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Key words.
Brand Relationships, Brand Consumption, Switching Intentions, Peer Influence, Family Influence, Price Comparison.
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Title
Before title is evolved, identify the target journal and area of focus. Each journal/magazine normally has an area of focus. Choose topic which is contemporary and interest to scholars.
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Journal.
Example : ICFAI Journal of Marketing Management Area of Focus - Marketing Strategy, Marketing Research and Techniques Brand Management, Advertising, Consumer Behavior, Emerging and Interdisciplinary Issues.
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Journal
Example: ICFAI Journal of Applied Finance Area of Focus - Business Environment, Regulatory Environment, Equity Markets , Debt Market, Corporate Finance , Financial Services, Portfolio Management, International Finance , Risk Management
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Some broad categories of IIMB Management Review

20: Banking(formerly NIBM) 30: Communication 40: Corporate and Business Finance, Risk Management and Formulation of Growth Strategy 45: Corporate Strategy and Policy 50: Economics 60: Economics & Social Sciences (ESS) 70: Economics, Environment Public Policy 80: Economics, Public Policy 90: Education 100: Entrepreneurship 110: Entrepreneurship, Development 120: ESS 130: Ess/Environment 140: Ess/Fin 150: Ess/Fin/Agri 160: Ess/Globalisation
170: Ess/Natural Resources 180: Ess/Public Policy 190: Ess/Tech & Environment 200: Ess/Trade 210: Finance 220: Finance & Accounting 230: Finance/CSR 240: HR/OB 250: HR/OB/Entrepreneurship 260: HR/OB/Ethics 270: Human Resources/Organisational Behaviour (HR/OB) 280: Information & Communication Technologies (ICT) 290: Information Technology/Information Systems (IT/IS) 300: Intercultural Communication, Gender, Material Culture 310: International Businesses 320: IS
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Some broad categories of IIMB Management Review

330: IT/IS 340: IT/Strategy 350: Law 360: Management Information Systems (MIS) 370: Marketing 380: Marketing/Entrepreneurship 390: OB 400: Organisational Behaviour and Human Resource Management 410: Organisational Development (OD), Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) 420: POM 430: Production & Operations Management (POM) 440: POM/QMIS 450: Public Policy
460: Quantitative Methods & Information Systems (QMIS) 470: QMIS 480: Public Policy & Management/Strategy 490: QMIS/Strategy 500: Strategy 510: Rural Marketing 520: Strategy, Competitiveness 530: Supply Chain Management, Information Systems 540: Strategy/Environment 550: Strategy/Policy 560: Tax
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Some broad categories of Vikalpa.
General Accounting and Control Agriculture and Rural Development Communication Economics Finance Global Management Information Technology and Systems Innovation and Entrepreneurship Marketing Organizational Behaviour and HRD Strategic Management and Leadership Public Systems Operations Management
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Magazine
Example: Marketing Mastermind Magazine Area of focus Cover story, Marketing communication, Marketing Strategy, Consumer survey, Emerging trends Example: Advertising Express Magazine Area of focus Advertising articles, Perspective, Research, features viewpoint, news roundup and case study
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Examples
Area of focus: Consumer behaviour Title: Perceptions and Preferences of mobile advertising in India Target journal: Vikalpa Title:Consumers Preferences for Financial Dailies: An Empirical study in Bangalore Target journal: IJMM
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II) Introduction
Start with an attention-getting broad statement that establishes a general topic for the article. Narrow the topic in successive sentences that outline the state of the art and introduce a gap in knowledge. End the introduction with a general statement of the problem and optional supporting/specifying statements.
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Example of brief introduction

That customers evaluate brands, develop images of brands, and have varying degrees of loyalty to brands is well established (e.g., Park, Jun and Shocker, 1996; Keller, 1993). Scholars are now examining the emotional dimensions of brand evaluation and consumption and its impact on loyalty (e.g., Westbrook and Oliver 1991; Shiv and Fedorikhin 1999; Albert,Merunka and Valette-Florence, 2008).
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Example of brief introduction

Among the existing studies, there is none in our knowledge that documents brand relationships of young consumers in an emerging economy. Finally, young consumers the world over are influenced by peers and family in their brand-related decisions (Singh, Kwon and Pereira, 2003). For marketers, it is important to understand the impact of these factors on brand relationships and brand switching intentions.
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How to express footnote an example

Indians are no longer in the mindset of collectivism, cautious spending, and guilt associated with spending.1
1Financial Express, 18 December 2005 [http://www.financialexpress.com/news/have-moneywill-spend/155335/0]
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Research Objectives
Clearly defined objectives help in solving the main problem These objectives tend to solve the problem or identify opportunities The objectives should not be repetitive in nature Framework and parameters of the study should be selected carefully
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Example of Research objectives.

Title: Perceptions and Preferences of mobile advertising in India Objectives To understand perceptions of mobile users towards mobile advertising To study preferences of mobile users regarding the nature of mobile advertising To find out differences in perceptions and preferences across gender and age To study purposes for which mobile users use mobile handsets and the frequency of use To study what actions mobile users take notice once they receive the mobile advertising
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III) Literature review

The literature review identifies the seminal historical contributions, outlines the state of knowledge, and justifies the novelty of the articles contribution A literature review is a body of text that aims to review the critical points of current knowledge including substantive findings as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to a particular topic. Literature reviews are secondary sources, and as such, do not report any new or original experimental work.
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Literature review
Its ultimate goal is to bring the reader up to date with current literature on a topic and forms the basis for another goal, such as future research that may be needed in the area. A well-structured literature review is characterized by a logical flow of ideas; current and relevant references with consistent, appropriate referencing style; proper use of terminology; and an unbiased and comprehensive view of the previous research on the topic.
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Example How celebrities are used in Indian television commercials

Example of LR There are multiple roles that a celebrity spokesperson may play (and the roles may not be mutually exclusive) (kamen, Azhari and Kragh, 1975) in an advertisement such as that of a spokesperson, endorser, provider of a testimonial, or an actor. McCracken(1989) suggested four modes of celebrity endorses namely, Explicit mode, Implicit mode, Imperative mode and the Co-present mode. Both Kamen, Azhari and Kragh(1975) and McCracken(1989) have not given any indication about which mode of celebrity portrayal should be used in which product category However, it would be interesting to find out whether there is a dominant mode of celebrity portrayal in celebrity advertising.
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Hypothesis of Study
Hypothesis means statement of assumption. We try to understand the behavior of the entire population by analyzing the assumptions of the sample. Hypothesis should get exposed or emerge from LR Assumptions may be wrong or right i.e., Hypothesis may be accepted or rejected.
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Hypotheses Example H1(a): G1 and G2 develop relationships with the brand on different brand dimensions. H1 (b): As compared to G2, G1 will have stronger brand relationships H2 (a): As compared to G2, G1 will show a greater importance to brand consumption to express their affiliation to a particular social group H2 (b) (i): Positive feelings on purchasing a brand will positively influence consumption related affiliation to a particular social group. H2 (b) (ii): Consumption-related affiliation influence will be stronger for G1 as compared to G2.
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IV) Research Design

A research design specifies the methods and procedures for conducting a particular study. It includes research approach, sampling method, sample framework, sample units, number of sample units, duration of the study, data collection mode, pilot testing of questionnaire for fine tuning of final questionnaire, scope of study, phase wise study and statistical tools used. Research Design can be grouped into three categories exploratory studies, descriptive research and causal research.
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Types of research design
Exploratory studies
Descriptive studies
Causal Studies
Literature search
Experience survey
Focus groups
Analysis of selected cases
Longitudinal
Cross sectional
Natural experiments
Controlled experiments
True panel
Omnibus panel
Sample survey
Time series
Cross sectional
Combination of these two
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Types of Research Designs

Exploratory Research (huh?)
Designed to generate basic knowledge, clarify relevant issues uncover variables associated with a problem, uncover information needs, and/or define alternatives for addressing research objectives. A very flexible, open-ended process. It often relies on secondary research such as reviewing available literature and/or data, or qualitative approaches such as informal discussions with consumers, employees, management or competitors, and more formal approaches through in-depth interviews, focus groups, projective methods, case studies or pilot studies.
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Descriptive Research (who, what, where, how)

Designed to provide further insight into the research problem by describing the variables of interest. Can be used for profiling, defining, segmentation, estimating, predicting, and examining associative relationships. Deals with everything that can be counted and studied. For example, finding the most frequent disease that affects the children of a town. The reader of the research will know what to do to prevent that disease thus, more people will live a healthy life.
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Types and Characteristics of Descriptive Studies

Cross-Sectional Study
Easily the most common type of research project. Typically involves conducting a survey of a sample of population elements at one point in time. Useful because it provides a quick snapshot of whats going on with the variables of interest for our research problem.
Longitudinal Study
An investigation that involves taking repeated measures over time. Useful for conducting trend analysis, tracking changes in behavior over time (e.g., brand switching, levels of awareness, turnover) and monitoring long-term effects of marketing activities (e.g., market share, pricing effects) True panel vs. omnibus panel
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Causal Research Designs

Experiments are the best way to satisfy elements of causation. Designed to provide information on potential causeand-effect relationships. May be Field Experiment or Laboratory Experiment Tradeoff between realism versus control
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Causal Research
Examples of experimentation in marketing Market test (test marketing) Advertising response (recall, affect, attitude toward ad elements) Promotional design (consumer response to promotional deals, incentives, tie-ins Store layout and design Product positioning Color tracking and package design
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Example: Causal research Title: A study of variance in attitude towards Ad across tweenagers to adults An experimental approach was adopted to study the impact of given communication cues in a controlled environment. Communication cue was the manipulated variable with three variants model picture, model caricature and informative copy. Age group was the independent variable with five levels: 10-12 years(tweenagers), 13-17 years(teenagers), 18-24 years (youth), 25-34 years( young adults) and 35-45 years (adults). Communication cues across five age groups was studied for two product categories mobile and biscuits
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Example of causal research

For each brand the theme and treatment were kept same with only one element being changed in each brand. The first ad depicted the picture of a model. The second ad was the same as the first one with the replacement of the picture of the model with caricature. The third ad replaced picture/caricature with informative copy.
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Determination of Sample Size

Sample size may be determined by using:
Subjective methods (less sophisticated methods)
The rule of thumb approach: eg. 5% of population Conventional approach: eg. Average of sample sizes of similar other studies; Cost basis approach: The number that can be studied with the available funds;
Statistical formulae (more sophisticated methods)

Confidence interval approach.
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Random table .. http://stattrek.com/Tables/Random.aspx
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Simple Random Sampling

Also called random sampling Simplest method of probability sampling
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 37 50 99 70 18 65 83 58 54 56 34 02 43 92 67 75 91 14 72 46 76 76 90 74 81 99 26 04 56 42 10 56 23 01 06 34 95 07 67 92 06 92 25 51 43 49 41 50 00 49 11 25 84 11 73 21 27 36 22 26 98 52 21 33 47 33 70 20 15 40 22 95 00 11 20 66 82 01 25 32 60 60 98 78 07 03 86 34 80 98 44 22 22 98 11 57 96 27 10 27 16 03 25 79 07 80 54 55 41 19 16 23 58 03 78 47 43 58 08 75 29 63 66 89 09 95 13 57 21 20 03 32 93 96 05 53 52 36 43 26 72 11 65 14 63 06 87 10 11 57 78 38 71 22 86 28 49 83 74 48 14 01 93 17 51 45 35 12 77 22 51 82 42 02 59 83 34 15 88 35 78 84 46 54 15 53 47 15 15 97 76 99 34 51 46 86 01 03 02 74 45 02 61 78 09 23 36 68 55 30 26 64 44 76 75 51 08 56 67 80 45 00 01 76 64
Need to use Random Number Table
38 22 32 85 26 37 00 62 27 74 46 02 61 59 81 87 59 38 18 30 95 38 36 78 23 20 19 65 48 50 45 73 80 02 61 31 10 06 72 39 02 00 47 06 98 06 86 88 77 86 59 57 66 13 82 33 97 21 31 61 60 84 18 68 48 85 00 00 48 35 48 57 63 38 84
How to Use a Table of Random Numbers to Select a Sample

Your marketing research lecturer wants to randomly select 20 students from your class of 100 students. Here is how he can do it using a random number table.
Step 1: Assign all the 100 members of the population a unique number.You may identify each element by assigning a two-digit number. Assign 01 to the first name on the list, and 00 to the last name. If this is done, then the task of selecting the sample will be easier as you would be able to use a 2-digit random number table.
NAME NUMBER NAME NUMBER
Adam, Tan Carrol, Chan . Jerry Lewis . Lim Chin Nam . Singh, Arun .
01 08 18 26 30
Tan Teck Wah .. Tay Thiam Soon .. Teo Tai Meng . Yeo Teck Lan Zailani bt Samat
42 61 87 99 00
How to use random number table to select a random sample

Step 2: Select any starting point in the Random Number Table and find the first number that corresponds to a number on the list of your population. In the example below, # 08 has been chosen as the starting point and the first student chosen is Carol Chan. 10 09 73 25 33 76 37 54 20 48 05 64 08 42 26 89 53 19 90 01 90 25 29 09 12 80 79 99 70 80 66 06 57 47 17 34 31 06 01 08 05 45 Step 3: Move to the next number, 42 and select the person corresponding to that number into the sample. #87 Tan Teck Wah Step 4: Continue to the next number that qualifies and select that person into the sample. # 26 -- Jerry Lewis, followed by #89, #53 and #19 Step 5: After you have selected the student # 19, go to the next line and choose #90. Continue in the same manner until the full sample is selected. If you encounter a number selected earlier (e.g., 90, 06 in this example) simply skip over it and choose the next number.
Starting point: move right to the end of the row, then down to the next row row; move left to the end, then down to the next row, and so on.
Conventional approach of Sample size determination

Sample sizes used in different marketing research studies
TYPE OF STUDY Identifying a problem (e.g.market segmentation) Problem-solving (e.g., promotion) Product tests Advertising (TV, Radio, or print Media per commercial or ad tested) Test marketing Test market audits Focus groups MINIMUM SIZE 500 200 200 150 200 10 stores/outlets 2 groups TYPICAL RANGE 1000-2500 300-500 300-500 200-300 300-500 10-20 stores/outlets 4-12 groups
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Sample size
Example A publishing wants to know what percent of the population might be interested in a new magazine on making the most of your retirement. Secondary data (that is several years old) indicates that 22% of the population is retired. They are willing to accept an error rate of 5% and they want to be 95% certain that their finding does not differ from the true rate by more than 5%. What is the required sample size? http://www.statpac.com/statistics-calculator/
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Sample size calculator
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Sample size calculator
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Output from sample size calculator

Best estimate of the population size: (left blank) Best estimate of the rate in the population (%): 22 Maximum acceptable difference (%): 5 Desired confidence level (%): 95 Required sample size = 263
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Graphical Depiction of Sampling Errors

Sampling Frame Planned Sample Respondents (actual sample)
Non-Response Error Sampling Frame Error Random Sampling Error
Total Population
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Specifying the sampling method

Probability Sampling
Every element in the target population or universe [sampling frame] has equal probability of being chosen in the sample for the survey being conducted.
Scientific, operationally convenient and simple in theory.
Results may be generalized.
Non-Probability Sampling
Every element in the universe [sampling frame] does not have equal probability of being chosen in the sample. Operationally convenient and simple in theory. Results may not be generalized.
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Probability Sampling
Four types of probability sampling
Appropriate for homogeneous population

Simple random sampling
Requires the use of a random number table.
Appropriate for heterogeneous population

Stratified sampling
Use of random number table may be necessary
Systematic sampling
Requires the sample frame only, No random number table is necessary
Cluster sampling
Use of random number table may be necessary
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Choosing Probability vs. Non-Probability sampling

Probability sampling
Conclusive
Larger sampling errors High [Heterogeneous] Favorable High Relatively Longer High
Evaluation Criteria
Non-probability sampling
Exploratory
Larger non-sampling error Low [Homogeneous] Unfavorable Low Relatively shorter Low
Nature of research
Relative magnitude sampling vs. non-sampling error Population variability Statistical Considerations Sophistication Needed Time Budget Needed
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Stratified sample
To choose a stratified sample, divide the population into groups called strata and then take a sample from each stratum. For example, you could stratify (group) your college population by department and then choose a simple random sample from each stratum (each department) to get a stratified random sample. To choose a simple random sample from each department, number each member of the first department, number each member of the second department and do the same for the remaining departments. Then use simple random sampling to choose numbers from the first department and do the same for each of the remaining departments. Those numbers picked from the first department, picked from the second department and so on represent the members who make up the stratified sample.
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Cluster sample
To choose a cluster sample, divide the population into strata and then randomly select some of the strata. All the members from these strata are in the cluster sample. For example, if you randomly sample four departments from your stratified college population, the four departments make up the cluster sample. You could do this by numbering the different departments and then choose four different numbers using simple random sampling. All members of the four departments with those numbers are the cluster sample.
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Systematic sample
To choose a systematic sample, randomly select a starting point and take every nth piece of data from a listing of the population. For example, suppose you have to do a phone survey. Your phone book contains 20,000 residence listings. You must choose 400 names for the sample. Number the population 1 - 20,000 and then use a simple random sample to pick a number that represents the first name of the sample. Then choose every 50th name thereafter until you have a total of 400 names (you might have to go back to the of your phone list). Systematic sampling is frequently chosen because it is a simple method.
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Determine the type of sampling used (simple random, stratified, systematic, cluster)
1. A soccer coach selects 6 players from a group of boys aged 8 to 10, 7 players from a group of boys aged 11 to 12, and 3 players from a group of boys aged 13 to 14 to form a recreational soccer team. 2. A pollster interviews all human resource personnel in five different high tech companies. 3. An engineering researcher interviews 50 women engineers and 50 men engineers. 4. A medical researcher interviews every third cancer patient from a list of cancer patients at a local hospital. 5. A high school counselor uses a computer to generate 50 random numbers and then picks students whose names correspond to the numbers.
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Solutions
1) Stratified 2) Cluster 3) Stratified 4) Systematic 5) Simple random
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Which Statistical test to use?

http://www.ats.ucla.edu/stat/spss/whatstat/
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Non-probability samples
Convenience sampling
Drawn at the convenience of the researcher. Common in exploratory research. Does not lead to any conclusion.
Judgmental sampling
Sampling based on some judgment, gut-feelings or experience of the researcher. Common in commercial marketing research projects. If inference drawing is not
necessary, these samples are quite useful.
Quota sampling
An extension of judgmental sampling. It is something like a two-stage judgmental sampling. Quite difficult to draw.
Snowball sampling
Used in studies involving respondents who are rare to find. To start with, the researcher compiles a short list of sample units from various sources. Each of these respondents are contacted to provide names of other probable respondents.
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Data Analysis and Interpretation

Analysis of Data is done using statistical tools followed by interpretation Facts of similar research add value to the interpretation
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Chi-square Example
A drug manufacturing company conducted a survey of customers. The research question is: Is there a significant relationship between packaging preference (size of the bottle purchased) and economic status? There were four packaging sizes: small, medium, large, and jumbo. Economic status was: lower, middle, and upper. The following data was collected.
lower middle upper
small
24 22 18 medium 23 28 19 large 18 27 29 jumbo 16 21 33 -----------------------------------------------09/03/2011

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Chi-square Output
Chi-square statistic = 9.743 Degrees of freedom = 6 Probability of chance = .1359
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Findings
Summarizes the various outcomes of the study Must answer all the objectives of study (Research Objectives)
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Example of Research Design Do private brands result in store loyalty? An empirical study in Bangalore
Research approach - Exploratory study - explore the factors from LR, interacting with organized retailers and customers outcome - 30 attributes Pretesting with 25 respondents outcome finalized 20 attributes which affect store choice First phase - exploration of attributes Second phase - Association between important variables Third phase contribution of private labels in terms of total sales and growth rate
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Sampling method - convenience sampling Sample framework - organized retailers Sample units - customers visiting shoppers stop, lifestyle, Food world, etc Number of sample units - 350 customers and 25 organized retailers Data collection mode - Personal interview using structured questionnaire Duration - March 2010 to June 2010 Statistical tools -Chi-square and factor analysis
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Managerial Implications
Takeaways to management Explores the variables which impact the business operations
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Conclusion
The vital information that author wishes to communicate it to the reader
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Scope for future research

Possibility areas of future research
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Limitations of the Study

The article may have any limitations.
Limitations of the sample Limitations of sampling technique Limitations of subject scope
Talks what the article couldnt cover
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References
The sources of secondary data to be mentioned. Follow the standards of writing references
APA: American Psychological Association Style MLA: Modern Language Association Style CMS: Chicago Manual Style
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American Psychological Association Style (APA)

Source with one author
Author's last name, First and Second Initial. (Year). Title italic. Publication location: Publishing company.
example:
Townsend, R. M. (1993). The medieval village economy. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
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Modern Language Association Style(MLA)
Book with one author

Author's last name, First name and Initial. Title underlined. Publication location: Publishing company, year.
example:
Townsend, Robert M. The Medieval Village Economy. Princeton: Princeton UP, 1993.
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Chicago Manual Style (CMS)

Book with one author
Author's last name, First name and Initial. title italics. Publication location: Publishing company, Year.
example:
Townsend, Robert. The Medieval Village Economy. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993.
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Appendix
Any additional information that supports the article. The information will enable the reader to understand the article in a better way.
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What factors are considered in judging papers?

1) Whats new? - Does the paper make a significant, value added contribution to current thinking? 2) So What? - Will the results likely change practice of the organization? - Are solutions proposed for remedying alleged deficiencies in current theories
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3) Why so? - Are the underlying logic and supporting evidence compelling? - Are the authors assumption explicit? - Are the authors views believable? 4) Well done? - Does the paper reflect seasoned thinking, conveying completeness and thoroughness? - Do the arguments reflect a broad, current understanding of the subject?
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5) Done well? - Is the paper well written? - Does it flow logically? - Is it well done? - Does the papers appearance reflect high professional standards? 6) Why now? - Is this topic of contemporary interest to scholars in this area? - Will it likely advance current discussions, stimulate new discussions or revitalize old discussions?
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Outlook of a Research Based Article

Header, Title, Author Abstract Introduction Review of Literature Research Objectives Research design Data Analysis and Interpretation
Managerial Implications Conclusion Future Research Limitation of study References Appendix
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Outlook of an Abstract Article

Header, Title, Author Abstract Introduction Industry Significance of study Applications of the study Conclusion
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List of indian journals

http://www.indianajournals.com/indiana%20Jo urnals.asp
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An Approach To Write Research Paper

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An Approach to Write Research Paper

Dr. Chandan A Chavadi, Associate Professor , Presidency Business School, Bangalore

General Outline of a Journal Article

Before starting to write?

Dr. Chandan A Chavadi, Associate Professor , Presidency Business School, Bangalore

Try to answer these questions???

Dr. Chandan A Chavadi, Associate Professor , Presidency Business School, Bangalore

Dr. Chandan A Chavadi, Associate Professor , Presidency Business School, Bangalore

Dr. Chandan A Chavadi, Associate Professor , Presidency Business School, Bangalore

Dr. Chandan A Chavadi, Associate Professor , Presidency Business School, Bangalore

Dr. Chandan A Chavadi, Associate Professor , Presidency Business School, Bangalore

Dr. Chandan A Chavadi, Associate Professor , Presidency Business School, Bangalore

Some broad categories of IIMB Management Review

Dr. Chandan A Chavadi, Associate Professor , Presidency Business School, Bangalore

Some broad categories of IIMB Management Review

Dr. Chandan A Chavadi, Associate Professor , Presidency Business School, Bangalore

Some broad categories of Vikalpa.

Dr. Chandan A Chavadi, Associate Professor , Presidency Business School, Bangalore

Dr. Chandan A Chavadi, Associate Professor , Presidency Business School, Bangalore

Dr. Chandan A Chavadi, Associate Professor , Presidency Business School, Bangalore

Example of brief introduction

Dr. Chandan A Chavadi, Associate Professor , Presidency Business School, Bangalore

Example of brief introduction

Dr. Chandan A Chavadi, Associate Professor , Presidency Business School, Bangalore

How to express footnote an example

1Financial Express, 18 December 2005 [http://www.financialexpress.com/news/have-moneywill-spend/155335/0]

Dr. Chandan A Chavadi, Associate Professor , Presidency Business School, Bangalore

Dr. Chandan A Chavadi, Associate Professor , Presidency Business School, Bangalore

Example of Research objectives.

III) Literature review

Example How celebrities are used in Indian television commercials

Dr. Chandan A Chavadi, Associate Professor , Presidency Business School, Bangalore

Dr. Chandan A Chavadi, Associate Professor , Presidency Business School, Bangalore

IV) Research Design

Types of research design

Analysis of selected cases

Combination of these two

Dr. Chandan A Chavadi, Associate Professor , Presidency Business School, Bangalore

Types of Research Designs

Descriptive Research (who, what, where, how)

Types and Characteristics of Descriptive Studies

Causal Research Designs

Dr. Chandan A Chavadi, Associate Professor , Presidency Business School, Bangalore

Example of causal research

Determination of Sample Size

Statistical formulae (more sophisticated methods)

Dr. Chandan A Chavadi, Associate Professor , Presidency Business School, Bangalore

Random table .. http://stattrek.com/Tables/Random.aspx

Dr. Chandan A Chavadi, Associate Professor , Presidency Business School, Bangalore

Simple Random Sampling

Need to use Random Number Table

How to Use a Table of Random Numbers to Select a Sample

How to use random number table to select a random sample

Conventional approach of Sample size determination

Dr. Chandan A Chavadi, Associate Professor , Presidency Business School, Bangalore

Dr. Chandan A Chavadi, Associate Professor , Presidency Business School, Bangalore

Sample size calculator

Dr. Chandan A Chavadi, Associate Professor , Presidency Business School, Bangalore

Sample size calculator

Dr. Chandan A Chavadi, Associate Professor , Presidency Business School, Bangalore

Output from sample size calculator

Dr. Chandan A Chavadi, Associate Professor , Presidency Business School, Bangalore