DESIGN, INNOVATION AND INVENTIONS

Presented by: ~ Nor Jauriah bt Othman ~ Fairuz Nadia bt Salim

Example the shapes of objects that are stable

Trusses Beam bridges can span

a greater distance with a thicker beam. But there is a limit, because too thick a beam will sag into the river. An alternate solution is to build a beam of triangles, a "truss," which is much lighter than a beam of similar thickness. A truss is extremely strong and

 The Arch The arch is used in

tunnels, bridges and many other structures because is can bear a great deal of weight (load). The arch form transforms the vertical pressure of the structure above into lateral (sideways) pressure. The Romans used the arch in many of their buildings.

 The Flying Buttress

The force is

transferred to the buttress which helps support the building so it will be able to support the roof without collapsing

 Domes

The dome is one of

the strongest structural forms used in roofs. It can hold very heavy loads. This is a picture of the Blue Mosque in Istanbul.

 Burj Dubai Dubai,

Taipei 101 Taipei,

United Arab Emirates

Taiwan

 Serpentine Gallery

Pavilion 2006

Factors affecting the stability of a structure

Height
- The lower the structure, the more stable the object is - P is more stable because it is shorter

Base area
- The larger the base area, the

more stable the objects is - L is more stable because it has larger base area.

Importance of stability
Racing cars are built

low. They have wide tyres. The tyres are set wide apart to give the car a large base area
Some furnitures are

made stable by having broad legs that are set wide apart
Some appliances are

desingned with a large and heavy base

Factors that affect the strength of a structure

The types of materials How the structured

used to build it 1) Steel wires - bundled together to make suspension bridge cables are one material strong in tension 2) Stone - strong in compression. - Ex: The Egyptian pyramids, which are made of stone blocks, some weighing over a tonne. The blocks on the bottom support the weight of the

are placed - A structure which cracks, breaks or collapses easily is not strong - A strong bridge is not only able to stand its own weight, but also be able to stand strong wind and vibrations

A Structure that withstand demanding conditions of the Earth

WHY EARTHQUAKE?
Most of the damage we associate with earthquakes involves human-built structures: people trapped by collapsed buildings or cut off

from vital water or energy supplies

It might seem obvious to say that earthquakes do most of their damage by shaking the ground. When the ground beneath a building shakes, it makes the building sway as the energy of a quakes waves moves through it. Do you think that a skyscraper would be more dangerous than a smaller office building?:

 The taller a structure, the more flexible it is. The more flexible it is, the less energy is required to keep it from toppling or collapsing when the earth's

shaking makes it sway.

Because shorter buildings are stiffer than taller ones, a three-story

apartment house is considered more

vulnerable to earthquake damage than a 30-story skyscraper.

Example
The TransAmerica pyramid in San Francisco is famous for its architecture: a wide base that narrows as it goes up increases the buildings stability. A network of diagonal trusses at its base supports the building against both horizontal and vertical forces.

INTRODUCTION
The Transamerica Pyramid is San
Francisco's tallest building. The Pyramid has 49 stories and a 212 foot spire. The height from the apex to the ground is 845 feet. The base width is 175 feet. The pyramid is flanked by a set of structures that look like wings.

The Uniqueness of the Building

The unique structural feature of this tapered building is the truss system above the first floor. The photos are courtesy of the Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley.

The Truss System

The truss system supports both vertical and horizontal loading. The building is carefully engineered to take large horizontal base shear forces. The overhead X-bracing

resists torsional movement of

the building about its vertical axis.

 Roller coaster--one of

the scariest structures around. But scary as they are, coasters are basically just bridges with incredibly steep hills. Coasters' triangular trusses make them extremely strong structures.

REFERENCE
Building that withstand earthquake http://www.exploratorium.edu/faultline/damag e/building.html The TransAmerica http://www.vibrationdata.com/earthquakes/Pyr amid.htm