AI & KBS

AI & KBS
Overview
* A brief history of Artificial Intelligence (AI) - requirements of KBS * Introduction to Knowledge-Based Systems (KBS) - definition - architecture - development tools * Examples of some KBS * Characteristics of KBS

AI & KBS

1. The Evolution of AI
(1) The request of an intelligent machine
- early robots ---- electro-mechanical devices - later robots ---- use computers, dumb limited and pre-specified tasks - ideal robots ---- intelligent machine combines the memory accuracy, and speed of computers with the intelligence and flexibility of humans.
AI - Computer programs that undertake tasks that, if done by people would be described as requiring intelligence. * Can computers think?
- Turing Test Imitation game - machine mistaken for a human Computing machinery and intelligence, Alan Turing, 1950

Wall

AI & KBS

In the Turing test a human communicates with an unseen respondent through a terminal, not knowing if the respondent is a person or a machine. If the tester mistakes computer answers for human answers, the computer successfully passes the Turning test.

AI & KBS

ELIZA
Developed by MIT 1966 Called ELIZA after Shaws play - it could be taught to speak increasing well It picked up words from its conversational partner Transform this into a canned response ELIZAs opening statement (appears on the terminal screen): Do you have any problems? Human: Yes. I am unhappy. (types response on the terminal screen) ELIZA: Why are you unhappy? Human: My friend is mean to me. ELIZA: Tell me about your friend. (Rogerian Psychoanalyst) It could fool people into thinking it was a real person but it contained no intelligence.

AI & KBS

(2) Game playing - early AI emphasis

- Board games: chess, checkers, & 16-puzzle - No ambiguity in representation of the board configuration - Rules generate large search space: require heuristics
Move 1-X 2-O 3-X 4-O 5-X

Tic-Tac-Toe game

AI & KBS

(3) Theorem proving

- The proving of mathematical theorems by a computer program - Theorems automatically proven from a given set of axioms - Theorems & axioms expressed in logic and logical inferences applied - First theorem prover developed in mid-50s but breakthrough in 1960s - Breakthrough came after introduction of Resolution inference rule

AI & KBS

Theorem proving -Resolution

All Irish are Europeans. Dave is a Irish. Therefore, Dave is a European

AI & KBS

(4) Problem solving

- GPS (General Problem Solver) focus on systems with general capability for solving different types of problems - Problem represented in terms of initial state, wished-for final state (goal) and a set of legal transitions to transfer states into new states - Using states & operators, GPS generates sequence of transitions that transform initial state into final state

AI & KBS

- Problems with GPS:

* efficiency in choosing path to reach the goal * GPS did not use specific info about problem at hand in selection of state transition * GPS examined all states leading to exponential time complexity * breakthrough in AI towards more specialised problem-solving system, i.e.,
Knowledge-based systems

AI & KBS

(5) Other AI fields - a tree representation

AI & KBS

(6) KBS as real-world problem solvers

- Problem-solving power does not lie with smart reasoning techniques nor clever search algorithms but domain dependent real-world knowledge - Real-world problems do not have well-defined solutions - Expertise not laid down in algorithms but are domain dependent rules-of-thumb or heuristics (cause-and-effect) - KBS allow this knowledge to be represented in computer & solution explained

AI & KBS

2. Knowledge-based Systems: A definition

- A system that draws upon the knowledge of
human experts captured in a knowledge-base to solve problems that normally require human expertise.
- Heuristic rather than algorithmic - Heuristics in search vs. in KBS general vs. domain-specific - Highly specific domain knowledge - Knowledge is separated from how it is used KBS = knowledge-base + inference engine

AI & KBS

3. KBS Architecture
Facts
Explanation

Heuristics, etc.

Queries

End-user interface

Inference engine

Knowledge -base

Conclusions Expertise Recommendations for action

Knowledgerepresentation schema

AI & KBS

(1) Knowledge-base
Hypothesis Heuristics Rules

Facts

Objects

Knowledgebase
Processes Attributes

Events Definitions

Relationships

AI & KBS

(2) Knowledge representation formalisms & Inference

KR * Logic * Production rules
* Semantic nets & Frames * Case-based Reasoning

Inference Resolution principle backward (top-down, goal directed) forward (bottom-up, data-driven)
Inheritance & advanced reasoning Similarity based

AI & KBS

(3) KBS tools - Shells

- Consist of KA Tool, Database & Development Interface - Inductive Shells
- simplest - example cases represented as matrix of known data (premises) and resulting effects (conclusions) - matrix converted into decision tree or IF-THEN statements - examples selected for the tool

- Rule-based shells
- simple to complex - IF-THEN rules

AI & KBS

- Hybrid shells
- sophisticate & powerful - support multiple KR paradigms & reasoning schemes - generic tool applicable to a wide range

- Special purpose shells

- specifically designed for particular types of problems - restricted to specialised problems

-Scratch
- require more time and effort - no constraints like shells - shells should be investigated first

AI & KBS

4. Some example KBSs

(1) DENDRAL (chemical)
- Pioneering work developed in 1965 for NASA at Stanford University by Buchanan & Feigenbaum - DENDRAL infers the molecular structure given mass spectral data - Traditional method of generate-and-test, difficulty: millions of possible structures might be generated to account for data - Experts used rules-of-thumb to weed-out structures that are unlikely to account for the data - Encoded this expertise & produced program which performed as well as an expert chemist

AI & KBS

(2) MYCIN (medicine)

- Developed in 1970 at Stanford by Shortcliffe - Assist internists in diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases: meningitis & bacterial septicemia - When patient shows signs of infectious disease, culture of blood and urine set to lab (>24hrs) to determine bacterial species - Given patient data (incomplete & inaccurate) MYCIN gives interim indication of organisms that are most likely cause of infection & drugs to control disease - Drug interactions & already prescribed drugs taken into account - Able to provide explanation of diagnosis (limited)

(3) XCON/RI (computer)

AI & KBS

- Configures DECs VAX, PDP11 and VAX - DEC offers the customer a wide choice of components when purchasing computer equipment, so that client achieves a custom-made system - Given the customers order, configuration is made, perhaps involving component replacement or addition - Problem: information subject to rapid change & configuring a computer system requires skills and effort - Since 1981, XCON with XSEL assists DEC agents in drawing up orders.

AI & KBS

(4) DRILLING ADVISOR (industry)

- Developed in 1983 by Teknowledge for oil company to replace human drilling advisor - Problem:drill bits becoming stuck - Difficulty: lack of subsurface information on location & condition on end of drill - (scarcity) expert examines rock pieces, mud, lubricant brought up by drilling to determine cause - Drilling Advisor uses geological site information, conditions of problem, historical information about other problems experienced in the past - Provide recommendation to correct problem & advice on how to change current practices to avoid problem

AI & KBS

(5) Human Resource Management

HRM facilitates the most effective use of employees to achieve organisational and individual goals HRM KBS forms part of overall strategy (includes DSS & EIS) KBS helps decision making for HRM managers with heuristic knowledge in unstructured & semi-structured problems (job placement & pay rises) Using semantic nets & Prolog, illustrates use of KBS in HR planning, recruiting, compensation & labourmanagement relations (see Human resource management expert systems technology, Byun & Suh, ES, May 94, 11:2)

AI & KBS

5. Typical tasks of KBS

(1) Diagnosis - To identify a problem given a set of symptoms or malfunctions. e.g. diagnose reasons for engine failure (2) Interpretation - To provide an understanding of a situation from available information. e.g. DENDRAL (3) Prediction - To predict a future state from a set of data or observations. e.g. Drilling Advisor, PLANT (4) Design - To develop configurations that satisfy constraints of a design problem. e.g. XCON (5) Planning - Both short term & long term in areas like project management, product development or financial planning. e.g. HRM

AI & KBS

(6) Monitoring - To check performance & flag exceptions. e.g., KBS monitors radar data and estimates the position of the space shuttle (7) Control - To collect and evaluate evidence and form opinions on that evidence. e.g. control patients treatment (8) Instruction - To train students and correct their performance. e.g. give medical students experience diagnosing illness (9) Debugging - To identify and prescribe remedies for malfunctions. e.g. identify errors in an automated teller machine network and ways to correct the errors

AI & KBS

6. Advantages & Limitations

(1) Advantages
- Increase availability of expert knowledge
expertise not accessible training future experts

- Efficient and cost effective - Consistency of answers - Explanation of solution - Deal with uncertainty

AI & KBS

(2) Limitations
-Lack of common sense -Inflexible, Difficult to modify - Restricted domain of expertise - Lack of learning ability - Not always reliable

AI & KBS

Overview
- Traditional AI & its limitations for real-world problem solving - KBS emergence in 60s emphasis on specific domain-knowledge rather than GPS separation of knowledge and reasoning - KBS basic components: knowledge-base, inference engine & user-interface - Examples - Advantages & limitations