COMMUNICATION

SMILE: A UNIVERSAL LANGUAGE

DEFINITION
COMMUNICATION
regards as a transactional process/model as a transactional model communication is: Dynamic

Ongoing process
No start and end points
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 Circle (Circular)
Circle process

Process of delivering source/sender to receiver

message

from

Both sender and receiver have their own role and are influencing each other

 Non-repetitive
reaction & response can be repeated but not exactly in the same way as before A word once spoken cannot be taken back

Definition
two-way process, and have behavior impact Source with intention encoding & sending message through selected channel to receiver aiming to produce certain behavior.

Chart 1 : Communication elements Source Message Channel Receiver

Feedback
(Source: Mohd Baharudin Othman & Mohd Khairie Ahmad, 2003)

Source/Sender
Source/sender: Refers to an individual or a group or person that sends information

FUNCTIONS: encoding message source exchange message into verbal or nonverbal symbol

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 determine intention/ select communication channel to deliver/convey message interpret message which delivered by the sender

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 ensure message is received by the receiver

interpret feedback will re-encode message in case the receiver fail to

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Message
derives from encode process a set of symbol (verbal/non-verbal) or content of information sent by sender of message.

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Selected verbal or nonverbal symbol gives a specific meaning to receiver verbal or non-verbal behavior may enhance the meaning of the given message

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Channel
A medium used to convey information from a sender (or transmitter) to a receiver

Communication channels can be categorized into two main categories: Direct and Indirect channels of communication

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 example: i. face to face communication, ii. letter iii. magazine iv. radio v. e-mail vi. telephone vii. chatting room) internet

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 Channel is selected based on: target audience or message receiver message type

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Receiver
Refers to an individual or a group or person that receive information from sender/source of message Function: Decode a message: is the reverse of encoding, which is the process of transforming information from one format into another

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Feedback
Purpose of feedback is to change and alter messages so the intention of the sender is understood by the receiver of the message. Sender and receiver share response

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 Response from: sender: involves conscious and unconscious demand towards verbal and non-verbal signal such as face expression, physical signal or behavior changes

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 receiver: gives feedback to sender by channeling information consciously, clearly and with minimum barrier

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 Channel is selected based on: target audience or message receiver message type

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TYPE OF COMMUNICATION
1. 2. 3. 4. Mass communication Organizational communication Group communication Dyadic Communication

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Mass communication CHARACTERISTICS: i. The size of the target audience is normally big, heterogeneous, and anonymous ii. Message is channel publicly i. Reach big audience and the same time
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iii. Communicator operates in a complex organization with high operation cost

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Organizational communication
Interdependence process between individual,exchanging and interpreting message
Main aim: to achieve organization objective

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Group communication

Benefits of large group:

Various skill, ability and knowledge More energy in solving problem or conducting activity Meeting various members that are different in term of knowledge and personality

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Small group Communication

Weaknesses: possibility of the existence of a subgroup different degrees of involvement in communication Dominated by talkative members

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 The bigger the group the higher the needs of having a leader Possibility of leader to over rules group function Difficult to achieve consensus among members

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Dyadic Communication
Also known communication. as interpersonal

source and receiver send and receive information exclusively

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 is simply a method of communication that only involves two people such as a telephone conversation or even a set of letters sent to and received from a penpal.

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In this communication process, sender can immediately receive and evaluate feedback from the receiver.
thus, it allows for more specific tailoring of the message and more personal communication that do many of the other media.
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MODELS OF COMMUNICATION

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Lasswell Model (1948)

classic outline of the study of communication Questions describing communications: Who? Says what? In which channel? To whom? With what effect?
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The Mathematical Theory of Communication Shahnon & Weaver (1949)

Based on mathematic concept

Premises: Sources produce information which can be communicated verbally, or by written communication, music, picture Transmitter: interpret message into signal to receiver
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 example: chatting
Information source: Brain/Presumably a person who creates a message Transmitter: Voice

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 Receiver produces feedback by interpreting message

Destination: Presumably a person who consumes and processes the message

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Chart 3: The Mathematical Theory of Communication

Information source

transmitter

receiver

destination

signal
message

Received signal

message

Noise source
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Shahnon & Weaver (1949)

Introducing concepts of:

Entropy : A measure of the loss of information in a transmitted message Redundancy: Repetition of parts or all of a message to circumvent transmission errors / redundant or excessive

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 If there are obstacles in communication channel, thus there would be a higher need to redundancy, to reduce entropy

Communication can be enhanced when Entropy & redundancy are equal

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Model Schramm (1954)

Introducing three (3) communication

models
Source Encoder Signal Decoder Destination

First model: communication is assumed as an interaction between two people

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Second Model: main assumption;

communication is effective when information are shared between sender and receiver
Field of experience Field of experience

source encoder

signal

decoder destination

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Message Encoder Decoder Interpreter Message Encoder

Interpreter Decoder

Third Model: both, sender and receiver interact by encoding, interpreting, re-coding, sending and receiving information/message

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Newcomb Symmetry Model Theodare Newcomb (1953)

states that communication as an aspect of social psychology which study interaction among persons.

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Regards as an easy model Assume: A sending information to B about something, which is X A behavior towards B and X is interdependence X: regards as an object to approach or to avoid

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SOMETHING (X)

INDIVIDUAL A

INDIVIDUAL B

Graph 5: Newcomb Symmetry Model

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Communication barriers

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Vocabulary Relationship between words Selective observation Failure in giving feedback Bipolar thinking Bypassing: giving information in one short Judgment tendency

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COMMUNICATION & COMMUNITY

COMMUNICATION BASIC ROLE:

1. convey message to individual, group and community in order to gain:
Knowledge Experience information

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 Communication function in increasing development growth Mass Media Communication. Changes: introducing new values

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new behavior in line with modernization introducing new skill new knowledge

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Knowledge source
Gives new sight by exposing the audience about experience

2. Enhance the degree of aspiration or the need

to be developed

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4. Tendency to involve in policy-making process

5. Reform power structure in a traditional community by providing knowledge to the public

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6. Help people to find new values or norms as well as harmonization in certain period of time 7. Enhance patriotism value 8. Help public to realize their right and their importance in community

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9. Enable to plan and to conduct development programs which in line with people

10. Making economic, social and development as continuous process

political

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Schramm states there are three main functions

of communication in social changes: i. Convey national agenda or nation building aspiration to public

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ii. Chances to the public to involve in d decision-making process iii. Educating workforce that with nation needs in line are suitable

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THANK YOU AND WASSALAM

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